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Table of Contents
- Overview
- Minimum Recommended Skillset
- Required Reading
- Development Practices
4.1. Share Early, Share Often
4.2. Testing
4.3. Code Documentation and Commenting
4.4. Model Git Commit Messages
4.5. Ideal Git Commit Structure
4.6. Code Spacing
4.7. Protobuf Compilation
4.8. Additional Style Constraints On Top of gofmt
4.9. Pointing to Remote Dependant Branches in Go Modules - Code Approval Process
5.1. Code Review
5.2. Rework Code (if needed)
5.3. Acceptance - Contribution Standards
6.1. Contribution Checklist
6.2. Licensing of Contributions
1. Overview
Developing cryptocurrencies is an exciting endeavor that touches a wide variety of areas such as wire protocols, peer-to-peer networking, databases, cryptography, language interpretation (transaction scripts), adversarial threat-modeling, and RPC systems. They also represent a radical shift to the current fiscal system and as a result provide an opportunity to help reshape the entire financial system. With the advent of the Lightning Network (LN), new layers are being constructed upon the base blockchain layer which have the potential to alleviate many of the limitations and constraints inherent in the design of blockchains. There are few projects that offer this level of diversity and impact all in one code base.
However, as exciting as it is, one must keep in mind that cryptocurrencies
represent real money and introducing bugs and security vulnerabilities can have
far more dire consequences than in typical projects where having a small bug is
minimal by comparison. In the world of cryptocurrencies, even the smallest bug
in the wrong area can cost people a significant amount of money. For this
reason, the Lightning Network Daemon (lnd) has a formalized and rigorous
development process (heavily inspired by
btcsuite) which is outlined on this page.
We highly encourage code contributions, however it is imperative that you adhere to the guidelines established on this page.
2. Minimum Recommended Skillset
The following list is a set of core competencies that we recommend you possess before you really start attempting to contribute code to the project. These are not hard requirements as we will gladly accept code contributions as long as they follow the guidelines set forth on this page. That said, if you don't have the following basic qualifications you will likely find it quite difficult to contribute to the core layers of Lightning. However, there are still a number of low hanging fruit which can be tackled without having full competency in the areas mentioned below.
- A reasonable understanding of bitcoin at a high level (see the Required Reading section for the original white paper)
- A reasonable understanding of the Lightning Network at a high level
- Experience in some type of C-like language
- An understanding of data structures and their performance implications
- Familiarity with unit testing
- Debugging experience
- Ability to understand not only the area you are making a change in, but also the code your change relies on, and the code which relies on your changed code
Building on top of those core competencies, the recommended skill set largely depends on the specific areas you are looking to contribute to. For example, if you wish to contribute to the cryptography code, you should have a good understanding of the various aspects involved with cryptography such as the security and performance implications.
3. Required Reading
- Effective Go - The entire
lndproject follows the guidelines in this document. For your code to be accepted, it must follow the guidelines therein. - Original Satoshi Whitepaper - This is the white paper that started it all. Having a solid foundation to build on will make the code much more comprehensible.
- Lightning Network Whitepaper - This is the white paper that kicked off the Layer 2 revolution. Having a good grasp of the concepts of Lightning will make the core logic within the daemon much more comprehensible: Bitcoin Script, off-chain blockchain protocols, payment channels, bi-directional payment channels, relative and absolute time-locks, commitment state revocations, and Segregated Witness.
- The original LN was written for a rather narrow audience, the paper may be a bit unapproachable to many. Thanks to the Bitcoin community, there exist many easily accessible supplemental resources which can help one see how all the pieces fit together from double-spend protection all the way up to commitment state transitions and Hash Time Locked Contracts (HTLCs):
Note that the core design of the Lightning Network has shifted over time as concrete implementation and design has expanded our knowledge beyond the original white paper. Therefore, specific information outlined in the resources above may be a bit out of date. Many implementers are currently working on an initial Lightning Network Specifications. Once the specification is finalized, it will be the most up-to-date comprehensive document explaining the Lightning Network. As a result, it will be recommended for newcomers to read first in order to get up to speed.
4. Development Practices
Developers are expected to work in their own trees and submit pull requests when they feel their feature or bug fix is ready for integration into the master branch.
4.1. Share Early, Share Often
We firmly believe in the share early, share often approach. The basic premise of the approach is to announce your plans before you start work, and once you have started working, craft your changes into a stream of small and easily reviewable commits.
This approach has several benefits:
- Announcing your plans to work on a feature before you begin work avoids duplicate work
- It permits discussions which can help you achieve your goals in a way that is consistent with the existing architecture
- It minimizes the chances of you spending time and energy on a change that might not fit with the consensus of the community or existing architecture and potentially be rejected as a result
- The quicker your changes are merged to master, the less time you will need to spend rebasing and otherwise trying to keep up with the main code base
4.2. Testing
One of the major design goals of all of lnd's packages and the daemon itself is
to aim for a high degree of test coverage. This is financial software so bugs
and regressions in the core logic can cost people real money. For this reason
every effort must be taken to ensure the code is as accurate and bug-free as
possible. Thorough testing is a good way to help achieve that goal.
Unless a new feature you submit is completely trivial, it will probably be rejected unless it is also accompanied by adequate test coverage for both positive and negative conditions. That is to say, the tests must ensure your code works correctly when it is fed correct data as well as incorrect data (error paths).
Go provides an excellent test framework that makes writing test code and checking coverage statistics straightforward. For more information about the test coverage tools, see the golang cover blog post.
A quick summary of test practices follows:
- All new code should be accompanied by tests that ensure the code behaves correctly when given expected values, and, perhaps even more importantly, that it handles errors gracefully
- When you fix a bug, it should be accompanied by tests which exercise the bug to both prove it has been resolved and to prevent future regressions
- Changes to publicly exported packages such as brontide should be accompanied by unit tests exercising the new or changed behavior.
- Changes to behavior within the daemon's interaction with the P2P protocol,
or RPC's will need to be accompanied by integration tests which use the
networkHarnessframework contained withinlnd. For example integration tests, seelnd_test.go.
Throughout the process of contributing to lnd, you'll likely also be
extensively using the commands within our Makefile. As a result, we recommend
perusing the make file documentation.
4.3. Code Documentation and Commenting
- At a minimum every function must be commented with its intended purpose and
any assumptions that it makes
- Function comments must always begin with the name of the function per Effective Go
- Function comments should be complete sentences since they allow a wide variety of automated presentations such as godoc.org
- The general rule of thumb is to look at it as if you were completely unfamiliar with the code and ask yourself, would this give me enough information to understand what this function does and how I'd probably want to use it?
- Exported functions should also include detailed information the caller of the
function will likely need to know and/or understand:
WRONG
// generates a revocation key
func DeriveRevocationPubkey(commitPubKey *btcec.PublicKey,
revokePreimage []byte) *btcec.PublicKey {
RIGHT
// DeriveRevocationPubkey derives the revocation public key given the
// counterparty's commitment key, and revocation preimage derived via a
// pseudo-random-function. In the event that we (for some reason) broadcast a
// revoked commitment transaction, then if the other party knows the revocation
// preimage, then they'll be able to derive the corresponding private key to
// this private key by exploiting the homomorphism in the elliptic curve group:
// * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_homomorphism#Homomorphisms_of_abelian_groups
//
// The derivation is performed as follows:
//
// revokeKey := commitKey + revokePoint
// := G*k + G*h
// := G * (k+h)
//
// Therefore, once we divulge the revocation preimage, the remote peer is able to
// compute the proper private key for the revokeKey by computing:
// revokePriv := commitPriv + revokePreimge mod N
//
// Where N is the order of the sub-group.
func DeriveRevocationPubkey(commitPubKey *btcec.PublicKey,
revokePreimage []byte) *btcec.PublicKey {
- Comments in the body of the code are highly encouraged, but they should
explain the intention of the code as opposed to just calling out the
obvious
WRONG
// return err if amt is less than 546
if amt < 546 {
return err
}
RIGHT
// Treat transactions with amounts less than the amount which is considered dust
// as non-standard.
if amt < 546 {
return err
}
NOTE: The above should really use a constant as opposed to a magic number, but it was left as a magic number to show how much of a difference a good comment can make.
4.4. Model Git Commit Messages
This project prefers to keep a clean commit history with well-formed commit messages. This section illustrates a model commit message and provides a bit of background for it. This content was originally created by Tim Pope and made available on his website, however that website is no longer active, so it is being provided here.
Here’s a model Git commit message:
Short (50 chars or less) summary of changes
More detailed explanatory text, if necessary. Wrap it to about 72
characters or so. In some contexts, the first line is treated as the
subject of an email and the rest of the text as the body. The blank
line separating the summary from the body is critical (unless you omit
the body entirely); tools like rebase can get confused if you run the
two together.
Write your commit message in the present tense: "Fix bug" and not "Fixed
bug." This convention matches up with commit messages generated by
commands like git merge and git revert.
Further paragraphs come after blank lines.
- Bullet points are okay, too
- Typically a hyphen or asterisk is used for the bullet, preceded by a
single space, with blank lines in between, but conventions vary here
- Use a hanging indent
Here are some of the reasons why wrapping your commit messages to 72 columns is a good thing.
- git log doesn't do any special wrapping of the commit messages. With the default pager of less -S, this means your paragraphs flow far off the edge of the screen, making them difficult to read. On an 80 column terminal, if we subtract 4 columns for the indent on the left and 4 more for symmetry on the right, we’re left with 72 columns.
- git format-patch --stdout converts a series of commits to a series of emails, using the messages for the message body. Good email netiquette dictates we wrap our plain text emails such that there’s room for a few levels of nested reply indicators without overflow in an 80 column terminal.
In addition to the Git commit message structure adhered to within the daemon all short-commit messages are to be prefixed according to the convention outlined in the Go project. All commits should begin with the subsystem or package primarily affected by the change. In the case of a widespread change, the packages are to be delimited by either a '+' or a ','. This prefix seems minor but can be extremely helpful in determining the scope of a commit at a glance, or when bug hunting to find a commit which introduced a bug or regression.
4.5. Ideal Git Commit Structure
Within the project we prefer small, contained commits for a pull request over a
single giant commit that touches several files/packages. Ideal commits build on
their own, in order to facilitate easy usage of tools like git bisect to git cherry-pick. It's preferred that commits contain an isolated change in a
single package. In this case, the commit header message should begin with the
prefix of the modified package. For example, if a commit was made to modify the
lnwallet package, it should start with lnwallet: .
In the case of changes that only build in tandem with changes made in other
packages, it is permitted for a single commit to be made which contains several
prefixes such as: lnwallet+htlcswitch. This prefix structure along with the
requirement for atomic contained commits (when possible) make things like
scanning the set of commits and debugging easier. In the case of changes that
touch several packages, and can only compile with the change across several
packages, a multi: prefix should be used.
Examples of common patterns w.r.t commit structures within the project:
- It is common that during the work on a PR, existing bugs are found and fixed. If they can be fixed in isolation, they should have their own commit.
- File restructuring like moving a function to another file or changing order of functions: with a separate commit because it is much easier to review the real changes that go on top of the restructuring.
- Preparatory refactorings that are functionally equivalent: own commit.
- Project or package wide file renamings should be in their own commit.
- Ideally if a new package/struct/sub-system is added in a PR, there should be a single commit which adds the new functionality, with follow up induvidual commits that begin to intergrate the functionality within the codebase.
4.6. Code Spacing
Blocks of code within lnd should be segmented into logical stanzas of
operation. Such spacing makes the code easier to follow at a skim, and reduces
unnecessary line noise. Coupled with the commenting scheme specified above,
proper spacing allows readers to quickly scan code, extracting semantics quickly.
Functions should not just be laid out as a bare contiguous block of code.
WRONG
witness := make([][]byte, 4)
witness[0] = nil
if bytes.Compare(pubA, pubB) == -1 {
witness[1] = sigB
witness[2] = sigA
} else {
witness[1] = sigA
witness[2] = sigB
}
witness[3] = witnessScript
return witness
RIGHT
witness := make([][]byte, 4)
// When spending a p2wsh multi-sig script, rather than an OP_0, we add
// a nil stack element to eat the extra pop.
witness[0] = nil
// When initially generating the witnessScript, we sorted the serialized
// public keys in descending order. So we do a quick comparison in order
// to ensure the signatures appear on the Script Virtual Machine stack in
// the correct order.
if bytes.Compare(pubA, pubB) == -1 {
witness[1] = sigB
witness[2] = sigA
} else {
witness[1] = sigA
witness[2] = sigB
}
// Finally, add the preimage as the last witness element.
witness[3] = witnessScript
return witness
Additionally, we favor spacing between stanzas within syntax like: switch case statements and select statements.
WRONG
switch {
case a:
<code block>
case b:
<code block>
case c:
<code block>
case d:
<code block>
default:
<code block>
}
RIGHT
switch {
// Brief comment detailing instances of this case (repeat below).
case a:
<code block>
case b:
<code block>
case c:
<code block>
case d:
<code block>
default:
<code block>
}
If one is forced to wrap lines of function arguments that exceed the 80 character limit, then a new line should be inserted before the first stanza in the comment body. WRONG
func foo(a, b, c,
d, e) error {
var a int
}
RIGHT
func foo(a, b, c,
d, e) error {
var a int
}
4.7. Protobuf Compilation
The lnd project uses protobuf, and its extension gRPC in
several areas and as the primary RPC interface. In order to ensure uniformity
of all protos checked, in we require that all contributors pin against the
exact same version of protoc. As of the writing of this article, the lnd
project uses v3.4.0
of protoc.
The following commit hashes of related projects are also required in order to generate identical compiled protos and related files:
- grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway:
f2862b476edcef83412c7af8687c9cd8e4097c0f - golang/protobuf:
ab9f9a6dab164b7d1246e0e688b0ab7b94d8553e
For detailed instructions on how to compile modifications to lnd's protobuf
definitions, check out the lnrpc README.
Additionally, in order to maintain a uniform display of the RPC responses
rendered by lncli, all added or modified protof definitions, must attach
the proper json_name option for all fields. An example of such an option can
be found within the definition of the DebugLevelResponse struct:
message DebugLevelResponse {
string sub_systems = 1 [ json_name = "sub_systems" ];
}
Notice how the json_name field option corresponds with the name of the field
itself, and uses a snake_case style of name formatting. All added or modified
proto fields should adhere to the format above.
4.8. Additional Style Constraints On Top of gofmt
Before a PR is submitted, the proposer should ensure that the file passes the
set of linting scripts run by make lint. These include gofmt. In addition
to gofmt we've opted to enforce the following style guidelines.
-
ALL columns (on a best effort basis) should be wrapped to 80 line columns. Editors should be set to treat a tab as 4 spaces.
-
When wrapping a line that contains a function call as the unwrapped line exceeds the column limit, the close paren should be placed on its own line. Additionally, all arguments should begin in a new line after the open paren.
WRONG
value, err := bar(a, a, b, c)RIGHT
value, err := bar( a, a, b, c, )
Note that the above guidelines don't apply to log messages. For log messages, committers should attempt to minimize the of number lines utilized, while still adhering to the 80-character column limit.
4.9 Pointing to Remote Dependant Branches in Go Modules
It's common that a developer may need to make a change in a dependent project
of lnd such as btcd, neutrino, btcwallet, etc. In order to test changes
with out testing infrastructure, or simply make a PR into lnd that will build
without any further work, the go.mod and go.sum files will need to be
updated. Luckily, the go mod command has a handy tool to do this
automatically so developers don't need to manually edit the go.mod file:
go mod edit -replace=IMPORT-PATH-IN-LND@LND-VERSION=DEV-FORK-IMPORT-PATH@DEV-FORK-VERSION
Here's an example replacing the lightning-onion version checked into lnd with a version in roasbeef's fork:
go mod edit -replace=github.com/lightningnetwork/lightning-onion@v0.0.0-20180605012408-ac4d9da8f1d6=github.com/roasbeef/lightning-onion@2e5ae87696046298365ab43bcd1cf3a7a1d69695
5. Code Approval Process
This section describes the code approval process that is used for code
contributions. This is how to get your changes into lnd.
5.1. Code Review
All code which is submitted will need to be reviewed before inclusion into the master branch. This process is performed by the project maintainers and usually other committers who are interested in the area you are working in as well.
Code Review Timeframe
The timeframe for a code review will vary greatly depending on factors such as the number of other pull requests which need to be reviewed, the size and complexity of the contribution, how well you followed the guidelines presented on this page, and how easy it is for the reviewers to digest your commits. For example, if you make one monolithic commit that makes sweeping changes to things in multiple subsystems, it will obviously take much longer to review. You will also likely be asked to split the commit into several smaller, and hence more manageable, commits.
Keeping the above in mind, most small changes will be reviewed within a few days, while large or far reaching changes may take weeks. This is a good reason to stick with the Share Early, Share Often development practice outlined above.
What is the review looking for?
The review is mainly ensuring the code follows the Development Practices and Code Contribution Standards. However, there are a few other checks which are generally performed as follows:
- The code is stable and has no stability or security concerns
- The code is properly using existing APIs and generally fits well into the overall architecture
- The change is not something which is deemed inappropriate by community consensus
5.2. Rework Code (if needed)
After the code review, the change will be accepted immediately if no issues are found. If there are any concerns or questions, you will be provided with feedback along with the next steps needed to get your contribution merged with master. In certain cases the code reviewer(s) or interested committers may help you rework the code, but generally you will simply be given feedback for you to make the necessary changes.
During the process of responding to review comments, we prefer that changes be made with fixup commits. The reason for this is two fold: it makes it easier for the reviewer to see what changes have been made between versions (since Github doesn't easily show prior versions like Critique) and it makes it easier on the PR author as they can set it to auto squash the fix up commits on rebase.
This process will continue until the code is finally accepted.
5.3. Acceptance
Once your code is accepted, it will be integrated with the master branch. After
2+ (sometimes 1) LGTM's (approvals) are given on a PR, it's eligible to land in
master. At this final phase, it may be necessary to rebase the PR in order to
resolve any conflicts and also squash fix up commits. Ideally, the set of
commits by new contributors are PGP signed,
although this isn't a strong requirement (but we prefer it!). In order to keep
these signatures intact, we prefer using merge commits. PR proposers can use
git rebase --signoff to sign and rebase at the same time as a final step.
Rejoice as you will now be listed as a contributor!
6. Contribution Standards
6.1. Contribution Checklist
- [ ] All changes are Go version 1.11 compliant
- [ ] The code being submitted is commented according to the Code Documentation and Commenting section
- [ ] For new code: Code is accompanied by tests which exercise both the positive and negative (error paths) conditions (if applicable)
- [ ] For bug fixes: Code is accompanied by new tests which trigger the bug being fixed to prevent regressions
- [ ] Any new logging statements use an appropriate subsystem and logging level
- [ ] Code has been formatted with
go fmt - [ ] For code and documentation: lines are wrapped at 80 characters (the tab character should be counted as 8 characters, not 4, as some IDEs do per default)
- [ ] Running
make checkdoes not fail any tests - [ ] Running
go vetdoes not report any issues - [ ] Running
make lintdoes not report any new issues that did not already exist - [ ] All commits build properly and pass tests. Only in exceptional cases it can be justifiable to violate this condition. In that case, the reason should be stated in the commit message.
- [ ] Commits have a logical structure (see section 4.5).
6.2. Licensing of Contributions
All contributions must be licensed with the MIT license. This is the same license as all of the code found within lnd.
Acknowledgements
This document was heavily inspired by a similar document outlining the code contribution guidelines for btcd.