lnd.xprv/htlcswitch/switch.go

package htlcswitch

import (
	"bytes"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"math/rand"
	"sync"
	"sync/atomic"
	"time"

	"github.com/btcsuite/btcd/wire"
	"github.com/btcsuite/btcutil"
	"github.com/davecgh/go-spew/spew"
	"github.com/lightningnetwork/lnd/chainntnfs"
	"github.com/lightningnetwork/lnd/channeldb"
	"github.com/lightningnetwork/lnd/clock"
	"github.com/lightningnetwork/lnd/contractcourt"
	"github.com/lightningnetwork/lnd/htlcswitch/hop"
	"github.com/lightningnetwork/lnd/kvdb"
	"github.com/lightningnetwork/lnd/lntypes"
	"github.com/lightningnetwork/lnd/lnwallet"
	"github.com/lightningnetwork/lnd/lnwallet/chainfee"
	"github.com/lightningnetwork/lnd/lnwire"
	"github.com/lightningnetwork/lnd/ticker"
)

const (
	// DefaultFwdEventInterval is the duration between attempts to flush
	// pending forwarding events to disk.
	DefaultFwdEventInterval = 15 * time.Second

	// DefaultLogInterval is the duration between attempts to log statistics
	// about forwarding events.
	DefaultLogInterval = 10 * time.Second

	// DefaultAckInterval is the duration between attempts to ack any settle
	// fails in a forwarding package.
	DefaultAckInterval = 15 * time.Second

	// DefaultHTLCExpiry is the duration after which Adds will be cancelled
	// if they could not get added to an outgoing commitment.
	DefaultHTLCExpiry = time.Minute
)

var (
	// ErrChannelLinkNotFound is used when channel link hasn't been found.
	ErrChannelLinkNotFound = errors.New("channel link not found")

	// ErrDuplicateAdd signals that the ADD htlc was already forwarded
	// through the switch and is locked into another commitment txn.
	ErrDuplicateAdd = errors.New("duplicate add HTLC detected")

	// ErrUnknownErrorDecryptor signals that we were unable to locate the
	// error decryptor for this payment. This is likely due to restarting
	// the daemon.
	ErrUnknownErrorDecryptor = errors.New("unknown error decryptor")

	// ErrSwitchExiting signaled when the switch has received a shutdown
	// request.
	ErrSwitchExiting = errors.New("htlcswitch shutting down")

	// ErrNoLinksFound is an error returned when we attempt to retrieve the
	// active links in the switch for a specific destination.
	ErrNoLinksFound = errors.New("no channel links found")

	// ErrUnreadableFailureMessage is returned when the failure message
	// cannot be decrypted.
	ErrUnreadableFailureMessage = errors.New("unreadable failure message")

	// ErrLocalAddFailed signals that the ADD htlc for a local payment
	// failed to be processed.
	ErrLocalAddFailed = errors.New("local add HTLC failed")
)

// plexPacket encapsulates switch packet and adds error channel to receive
// error from request handler.
type plexPacket struct {
	pkt *htlcPacket
	err chan error
}

// ChannelCloseType is an enum which signals the type of channel closure the
// peer should execute.
type ChannelCloseType uint8

const (
	// CloseRegular indicates a regular cooperative channel closure
	// should be attempted.
	CloseRegular ChannelCloseType = iota

	// CloseBreach indicates that a channel breach has been detected, and
	// the link should immediately be marked as unavailable.
	CloseBreach
)

// ChanClose represents a request which close a particular channel specified by
// its id.
type ChanClose struct {
	// CloseType is a variable which signals the type of channel closure the
	// peer should execute.
	CloseType ChannelCloseType

	// ChanPoint represent the id of the channel which should be closed.
	ChanPoint *wire.OutPoint

	// TargetFeePerKw is the ideal fee that was specified by the caller.
	// This value is only utilized if the closure type is CloseRegular.
	// This will be the starting offered fee when the fee negotiation
	// process for the cooperative closure transaction kicks off.
	TargetFeePerKw chainfee.SatPerKWeight

	// DeliveryScript is an optional delivery script to pay funds out to.
	DeliveryScript lnwire.DeliveryAddress

	// Updates is used by request creator to receive the notifications about
	// execution of the close channel request.
	Updates chan interface{}

	// Err is used by request creator to receive request execution error.
	Err chan error
}

// Config defines the configuration for the service. ALL elements within the
// configuration MUST be non-nil for the service to carry out its duties.
type Config struct {
	// FwdingLog is an interface that will be used by the switch to log
	// forwarding events. A forwarding event happens each time a payment
	// circuit is successfully completed. So when we forward an HTLC, and a
	// settle is eventually received.
	FwdingLog ForwardingLog

	// LocalChannelClose kicks-off the workflow to execute a cooperative or
	// forced unilateral closure of the channel initiated by a local
	// subsystem.
	LocalChannelClose func(pubKey []byte, request *ChanClose)

	// DB is the channeldb instance that will be used to back the switch's
	// persistent circuit map.
	DB *channeldb.DB

	// SwitchPackager provides access to the forwarding packages of all
	// active channels. This gives the switch the ability to read arbitrary
	// forwarding packages, and ack settles and fails contained within them.
	SwitchPackager channeldb.FwdOperator

	// ExtractErrorEncrypter is an interface allowing switch to reextract
	// error encrypters stored in the circuit map on restarts, since they
	// are not stored directly within the database.
	ExtractErrorEncrypter hop.ErrorEncrypterExtracter

	// FetchLastChannelUpdate retrieves the latest routing policy for a
	// target channel. This channel will typically be the outgoing channel
	// specified when we receive an incoming HTLC.  This will be used to
	// provide payment senders our latest policy when sending encrypted
	// error messages.
	FetchLastChannelUpdate func(lnwire.ShortChannelID) (*lnwire.ChannelUpdate, error)

	// Notifier is an instance of a chain notifier that we'll use to signal
	// the switch when a new block has arrived.
	Notifier chainntnfs.ChainNotifier

	// HtlcNotifier is an instance of a htlcNotifier which we will pipe htlc
	// events through.
	HtlcNotifier htlcNotifier

	// FwdEventTicker is a signal that instructs the htlcswitch to flush any
	// pending forwarding events.
	FwdEventTicker ticker.Ticker

	// LogEventTicker is a signal instructing the htlcswitch to log
	// aggregate stats about it's forwarding during the last interval.
	LogEventTicker ticker.Ticker

	// AckEventTicker is a signal instructing the htlcswitch to ack any settle
	// fails in forwarding packages.
	AckEventTicker ticker.Ticker

	// AllowCircularRoute is true if the user has configured their node to
	// allow forwards that arrive and depart our node over the same channel.
	AllowCircularRoute bool

	// RejectHTLC is a flag that instructs the htlcswitch to reject any
	// HTLCs that are not from the source hop.
	RejectHTLC bool

	// Clock is a time source for the switch.
	Clock clock.Clock

	// HTLCExpiry is the interval after which Adds will be cancelled if they
	// have not been yet been delivered to a link. The computed deadline
	// will expiry this long after the Adds are added to a mailbox via
	// AddPacket.
	HTLCExpiry time.Duration
}

// Switch is the central messaging bus for all incoming/outgoing HTLCs.
// Connected peers with active channels are treated as named interfaces which
// refer to active channels as links. A link is the switch's message
// communication point with the goroutine that manages an active channel. New
// links are registered each time a channel is created, and unregistered once
// the channel is closed. The switch manages the hand-off process for multi-hop
// HTLCs, forwarding HTLCs initiated from within the daemon, and finally
// notifies users local-systems concerning their outstanding payment requests.
type Switch struct {
	started  int32 // To be used atomically.
	shutdown int32 // To be used atomically.

	// bestHeight is the best known height of the main chain. The links will
	// be used this information to govern decisions based on HTLC timeouts.
	// This will be retrieved by the registered links atomically.
	bestHeight uint32

	wg   sync.WaitGroup
	quit chan struct{}

	// cfg is a copy of the configuration struct that the htlc switch
	// service was initialized with.
	cfg *Config

	// networkResults stores the results of payments initiated by the user.
	// results. The store is used to later look up the payments and notify
	// the user of the result when they are complete. Each payment attempt
	// should be given a unique integer ID when it is created, otherwise
	// results might be overwritten.
	networkResults *networkResultStore

	// circuits is storage for payment circuits which are used to
	// forward the settle/fail htlc updates back to the add htlc initiator.
	circuits CircuitMap

	// mailOrchestrator manages the lifecycle of mailboxes used throughout
	// the switch, and facilitates delayed delivery of packets to links that
	// later come online.
	mailOrchestrator *mailOrchestrator

	// indexMtx is a read/write mutex that protects the set of indexes
	// below.
	indexMtx sync.RWMutex

	// pendingLinkIndex holds links that have not had their final, live
	// short_chan_id assigned. These links can be transitioned into the
	// primary linkIndex by using UpdateShortChanID to load their live id.
	pendingLinkIndex map[lnwire.ChannelID]ChannelLink

	// links is a map of channel id and channel link which manages
	// this channel.
	linkIndex map[lnwire.ChannelID]ChannelLink

	// forwardingIndex is an index which is consulted by the switch when it
	// needs to locate the next hop to forward an incoming/outgoing HTLC
	// update to/from.
	//
	// TODO(roasbeef): eventually add a NetworkHop mapping before the
	// ChannelLink
	forwardingIndex map[lnwire.ShortChannelID]ChannelLink

	// interfaceIndex maps the compressed public key of a peer to all the
	// channels that the switch maintains with that peer.
	interfaceIndex map[[33]byte]map[lnwire.ChannelID]ChannelLink

	// htlcPlex is the channel which all connected links use to coordinate
	// the setup/teardown of Sphinx (onion routing) payment circuits.
	// Active links forward any add/settle messages over this channel each
	// state transition, sending new adds/settles which are fully locked
	// in.
	htlcPlex chan *plexPacket

	// chanCloseRequests is used to transfer the channel close request to
	// the channel close handler.
	chanCloseRequests chan *ChanClose

	// resolutionMsgs is the channel that all external contract resolution
	// messages will be sent over.
	resolutionMsgs chan *resolutionMsg

	// pendingFwdingEvents is the set of forwarding events which have been
	// collected during the current interval, but hasn't yet been written
	// to the forwarding log.
	fwdEventMtx         sync.Mutex
	pendingFwdingEvents []channeldb.ForwardingEvent

	// blockEpochStream is an active block epoch event stream backed by an
	// active ChainNotifier instance. This will be used to retrieve the
	// lastest height of the chain.
	blockEpochStream *chainntnfs.BlockEpochEvent

	// pendingSettleFails is the set of settle/fail entries that we need to
	// ack in the forwarding package of the outgoing link. This was added to
	// make pipelining settles more efficient.
	pendingSettleFails []channeldb.SettleFailRef
}

// New creates the new instance of htlc switch.
func New(cfg Config, currentHeight uint32) (*Switch, error) {
	circuitMap, err := NewCircuitMap(&CircuitMapConfig{
		DB:                    cfg.DB,
		ExtractErrorEncrypter: cfg.ExtractErrorEncrypter,
	})
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	s := &Switch{
		bestHeight:        currentHeight,
		cfg:               &cfg,
		circuits:          circuitMap,
		linkIndex:         make(map[lnwire.ChannelID]ChannelLink),
		forwardingIndex:   make(map[lnwire.ShortChannelID]ChannelLink),
		interfaceIndex:    make(map[[33]byte]map[lnwire.ChannelID]ChannelLink),
		pendingLinkIndex:  make(map[lnwire.ChannelID]ChannelLink),
		networkResults:    newNetworkResultStore(cfg.DB),
		htlcPlex:          make(chan *plexPacket),
		chanCloseRequests: make(chan *ChanClose),
		resolutionMsgs:    make(chan *resolutionMsg),
		quit:              make(chan struct{}),
	}

	s.mailOrchestrator = newMailOrchestrator(&mailOrchConfig{
		fetchUpdate:    s.cfg.FetchLastChannelUpdate,
		forwardPackets: s.ForwardPackets,
		clock:          s.cfg.Clock,
		expiry:         s.cfg.HTLCExpiry,
	})

	return s, nil
}

// resolutionMsg is a struct that wraps an existing ResolutionMsg with a done
// channel. We'll use this channel to synchronize delivery of the message with
// the caller.
type resolutionMsg struct {
	contractcourt.ResolutionMsg

	doneChan chan struct{}
}

// ProcessContractResolution is called by active contract resolvers once a
// contract they are watching over has been fully resolved. The message carries
// an external signal that *would* have been sent if the outgoing channel
// didn't need to go to the chain in order to fulfill a contract. We'll process
// this message just as if it came from an active outgoing channel.
func (s *Switch) ProcessContractResolution(msg contractcourt.ResolutionMsg) error {

	done := make(chan struct{})

	select {
	case s.resolutionMsgs <- &resolutionMsg{
		ResolutionMsg: msg,
		doneChan:      done,
	}:
	case <-s.quit:
		return ErrSwitchExiting
	}

	select {
	case <-done:
	case <-s.quit:
		return ErrSwitchExiting
	}

	return nil
}

// GetPaymentResult returns the the result of the payment attempt with the
// given attemptID. The paymentHash should be set to the payment's overall
// hash, or in case of AMP payments the payment's unique identifier.
//
// The method returns a channel where the payment result will be sent when
// available, or an error is encountered during forwarding. When a result is
// received on the channel, the HTLC is guaranteed to no longer be in flight.
// The switch shutting down is signaled by closing the channel. If the
// attemptID is unknown, ErrPaymentIDNotFound will be returned.
func (s *Switch) GetPaymentResult(attemptID uint64, paymentHash lntypes.Hash,
	deobfuscator ErrorDecrypter) (<-chan *PaymentResult, error) {

	var (
		nChan  <-chan *networkResult
		err    error
		outKey = CircuitKey{
			ChanID: hop.Source,
			HtlcID: attemptID,
		}
	)

	// If the payment is not found in the circuit map, check whether a
	// result is already available.
	// Assumption: no one will add this payment ID other than the caller.
	if s.circuits.LookupCircuit(outKey) == nil {
		res, err := s.networkResults.getResult(attemptID)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		c := make(chan *networkResult, 1)
		c <- res
		nChan = c
	} else {
		// The payment was committed to the circuits, subscribe for a
		// result.
		nChan, err = s.networkResults.subscribeResult(attemptID)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	resultChan := make(chan *PaymentResult, 1)

	// Since the payment was known, we can start a goroutine that can
	// extract the result when it is available, and pass it on to the
	// caller.
	s.wg.Add(1)
	go func() {
		defer s.wg.Done()

		var n *networkResult
		select {
		case n = <-nChan:
		case <-s.quit:
			// We close the result channel to signal a shutdown. We
			// don't send any result in this case since the HTLC is
			// still in flight.
			close(resultChan)
			return
		}

		log.Debugf("Received network result %T for attemptID=%v", n.msg,
			attemptID)

		// Extract the result and pass it to the result channel.
		result, err := s.extractResult(
			deobfuscator, n, attemptID, paymentHash,
		)
		if err != nil {
			e := fmt.Errorf("unable to extract result: %v", err)
			log.Error(e)
			resultChan <- &PaymentResult{
				Error: e,
			}
			return
		}
		resultChan <- result
	}()

	return resultChan, nil
}

// CleanStore calls the underlying result store, telling it is safe to delete
// all entries except the ones in the keepPids map. This should be called
// preiodically to let the switch clean up payment results that we have
// handled.
func (s *Switch) CleanStore(keepPids map[uint64]struct{}) error {
	return s.networkResults.cleanStore(keepPids)
}

// SendHTLC is used by other subsystems which aren't belong to htlc switch
// package in order to send the htlc update. The attemptID used MUST be unique
// for this HTLC, and MUST be used only once, otherwise the switch might reject
// it.
func (s *Switch) SendHTLC(firstHop lnwire.ShortChannelID, attemptID uint64,
	htlc *lnwire.UpdateAddHTLC) error {

	// Generate and send new update packet, if error will be received on
	// this stage it means that packet haven't left boundaries of our
	// system and something wrong happened.
	packet := &htlcPacket{
		incomingChanID: hop.Source,
		incomingHTLCID: attemptID,
		outgoingChanID: firstHop,
		htlc:           htlc,
	}

	circuit := newPaymentCircuit(&htlc.PaymentHash, packet)
	actions, err := s.circuits.CommitCircuits(circuit)
	if err != nil {
		log.Errorf("unable to commit circuit in switch: %v", err)
		return err
	}

	// Drop duplicate packet if it has already been seen.
	switch {
	case len(actions.Drops) == 1:
		return ErrDuplicateAdd

	case len(actions.Fails) == 1:
		return ErrLocalAddFailed
	}

	// Send packet to link.
	packet.circuit = circuit

	// User has created the htlc update therefore we should find the
	// appropriate channel link and send the payment over this link.
	link, linkErr := s.getLocalLink(packet, htlc)
	if linkErr != nil {
		// Notify the htlc notifier of a link failure on our
		// outgoing link. Incoming timelock/amount values are
		// not set because they are not present for local sends.
		s.cfg.HtlcNotifier.NotifyLinkFailEvent(
			newHtlcKey(packet),
			HtlcInfo{
				OutgoingTimeLock: htlc.Expiry,
				OutgoingAmt:      htlc.Amount,
			},
			HtlcEventTypeSend,
			linkErr,
			false,
		)

		return linkErr
	}

	return link.HandleLocalAddPacket(packet)
}

// UpdateForwardingPolicies sends a message to the switch to update the
// forwarding policies for the set of target channels, keyed in chanPolicies.
//
// NOTE: This function is synchronous and will block until either the
// forwarding policies for all links have been updated, or the switch shuts
// down.
func (s *Switch) UpdateForwardingPolicies(
	chanPolicies map[wire.OutPoint]ForwardingPolicy) {

	log.Tracef("Updating link policies: %v", newLogClosure(func() string {
		return spew.Sdump(chanPolicies)
	}))

	s.indexMtx.RLock()

	// Update each link in chanPolicies.
	for targetLink, policy := range chanPolicies {
		cid := lnwire.NewChanIDFromOutPoint(&targetLink)

		link, ok := s.linkIndex[cid]
		if !ok {
			log.Debugf("Unable to find ChannelPoint(%v) to update "+
				"link policy", targetLink)
			continue
		}

		link.UpdateForwardingPolicy(policy)
	}

	s.indexMtx.RUnlock()
}

// IsForwardedHTLC checks for a given channel and htlc index if it is related
// to an opened circuit that represents a forwarded payment.
func (s *Switch) IsForwardedHTLC(chanID lnwire.ShortChannelID,
	htlcIndex uint64) bool {

	circuit := s.circuits.LookupOpenCircuit(channeldb.CircuitKey{
		ChanID: chanID,
		HtlcID: htlcIndex,
	})
	return circuit != nil && circuit.Incoming.ChanID != hop.Source
}

// ForwardPackets adds a list of packets to the switch for processing. Fails
// and settles are added on a first past, simultaneously constructing circuits
// for any adds. After persisting the circuits, another pass of the adds is
// given to forward them through the router. The sending link's quit channel is
// used to prevent deadlocks when the switch stops a link in the midst of
// forwarding.
func (s *Switch) ForwardPackets(linkQuit chan struct{},
	packets ...*htlcPacket) error {

	var (
		// fwdChan is a buffered channel used to receive err msgs from
		// the htlcPlex when forwarding this batch.
		fwdChan = make(chan error, len(packets))

		// numSent keeps a running count of how many packets are
		// forwarded to the switch, which determines how many responses
		// we will wait for on the fwdChan..
		numSent int
	)

	// No packets, nothing to do.
	if len(packets) == 0 {
		return nil
	}

	// Setup a barrier to prevent the background tasks from processing
	// responses until this function returns to the user.
	var wg sync.WaitGroup
	wg.Add(1)
	defer wg.Done()

	// Before spawning the following goroutine to proxy our error responses,
	// check to see if we have already been issued a shutdown request. If
	// so, we exit early to avoid incrementing the switch's waitgroup while
	// it is already in the process of shutting down.
	select {
	case <-linkQuit:
		return nil
	case <-s.quit:
		return nil
	default:
		// Spawn a goroutine to log the errors returned from failed packets.
		s.wg.Add(1)
		go s.logFwdErrs(&numSent, &wg, fwdChan)
	}

	// Make a first pass over the packets, forwarding any settles or fails.
	// As adds are found, we create a circuit and append it to our set of
	// circuits to be written to disk.
	var circuits []*PaymentCircuit
	var addBatch []*htlcPacket
	for _, packet := range packets {
		switch htlc := packet.htlc.(type) {
		case *lnwire.UpdateAddHTLC:
			circuit := newPaymentCircuit(&htlc.PaymentHash, packet)
			packet.circuit = circuit
			circuits = append(circuits, circuit)
			addBatch = append(addBatch, packet)
		default:
			err := s.routeAsync(packet, fwdChan, linkQuit)
			if err != nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("failed to forward packet %v", err)
			}
			numSent++
		}
	}

	// If this batch did not contain any circuits to commit, we can return
	// early.
	if len(circuits) == 0 {
		return nil
	}

	// Write any circuits that we found to disk.
	actions, err := s.circuits.CommitCircuits(circuits...)
	if err != nil {
		log.Errorf("unable to commit circuits in switch: %v", err)
	}

	// Split the htlc packets by comparing an in-order seek to the head of
	// the added, dropped, or failed circuits.
	//
	// NOTE: This assumes each list is guaranteed to be a subsequence of the
	// circuits, and that the union of the sets results in the original set
	// of circuits.
	var addedPackets, failedPackets []*htlcPacket
	for _, packet := range addBatch {
		switch {
		case len(actions.Adds) > 0 && packet.circuit == actions.Adds[0]:
			addedPackets = append(addedPackets, packet)
			actions.Adds = actions.Adds[1:]

		case len(actions.Drops) > 0 && packet.circuit == actions.Drops[0]:
			actions.Drops = actions.Drops[1:]

		case len(actions.Fails) > 0 && packet.circuit == actions.Fails[0]:
			failedPackets = append(failedPackets, packet)
			actions.Fails = actions.Fails[1:]
		}
	}

	// Now, forward any packets for circuits that were successfully added to
	// the switch's circuit map.
	for _, packet := range addedPackets {
		err := s.routeAsync(packet, fwdChan, linkQuit)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to forward packet %v", err)
		}
		numSent++
	}

	// Lastly, for any packets that failed, this implies that they were
	// left in a half added state, which can happen when recovering from
	// failures.
	if len(failedPackets) > 0 {
		var failure lnwire.FailureMessage
		update, err := s.cfg.FetchLastChannelUpdate(
			failedPackets[0].incomingChanID,
		)
		if err != nil {
			failure = &lnwire.FailTemporaryNodeFailure{}
		} else {
			failure = lnwire.NewTemporaryChannelFailure(update)
		}
		linkError := NewDetailedLinkError(
			failure, OutgoingFailureIncompleteForward,
		)

		for _, packet := range failedPackets {
			// We don't handle the error here since this method
			// always returns an error.
			_ = s.failAddPacket(packet, linkError)
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// logFwdErrs logs any errors received on `fwdChan`
func (s *Switch) logFwdErrs(num *int, wg *sync.WaitGroup, fwdChan chan error) {
	defer s.wg.Done()

	// Wait here until the outer function has finished persisting
	// and routing the packets. This guarantees we don't read from num until
	// the value is accurate.
	wg.Wait()

	numSent := *num
	for i := 0; i < numSent; i++ {
		select {
		case err := <-fwdChan:
			if err != nil {
				log.Errorf("Unhandled error while reforwarding htlc "+
					"settle/fail over htlcswitch: %v", err)
			}
		case <-s.quit:
			log.Errorf("unable to forward htlc packet " +
				"htlc switch was stopped")
			return
		}
	}
}

// routeAsync sends a packet through the htlc switch, using the provided err
// chan to propagate errors back to the caller. The link's quit channel is
// provided so that the send can be canceled if either the link or the switch
// receive a shutdown requuest. This method does not wait for a response from
// the htlcForwarder before returning.
func (s *Switch) routeAsync(packet *htlcPacket, errChan chan error,
	linkQuit chan struct{}) error {

	command := &plexPacket{
		pkt: packet,
		err: errChan,
	}

	select {
	case s.htlcPlex <- command:
		return nil
	case <-linkQuit:
		return ErrLinkShuttingDown
	case <-s.quit:
		return errors.New("htlc switch was stopped")
	}
}

// getLocalLink handles the addition of a htlc for a send that originates from
// our node. It returns the link that the htlc should be forwarded outwards on,
// and a link error if the htlc cannot be forwarded.
func (s *Switch) getLocalLink(pkt *htlcPacket, htlc *lnwire.UpdateAddHTLC) (
	ChannelLink, *LinkError) {

	// Try to find links by node destination.
	s.indexMtx.RLock()
	link, err := s.getLinkByShortID(pkt.outgoingChanID)
	s.indexMtx.RUnlock()
	if err != nil {
		log.Errorf("Link %v not found", pkt.outgoingChanID)
		return nil, NewLinkError(&lnwire.FailUnknownNextPeer{})
	}

	if !link.EligibleToForward() {
		log.Errorf("Link %v is not available to forward",
			pkt.outgoingChanID)

		// The update does not need to be populated as the error
		// will be returned back to the router.
		return nil, NewDetailedLinkError(
			lnwire.NewTemporaryChannelFailure(nil),
			OutgoingFailureLinkNotEligible,
		)
	}

	// Ensure that the htlc satisfies the outgoing channel policy.
	currentHeight := atomic.LoadUint32(&s.bestHeight)
	htlcErr := link.CheckHtlcTransit(
		htlc.PaymentHash, htlc.Amount, htlc.Expiry, currentHeight,
	)
	if htlcErr != nil {
		log.Errorf("Link %v policy for local forward not "+
			"satisfied", pkt.outgoingChanID)
		return nil, htlcErr
	}
	return link, nil
}

// handleLocalResponse processes a Settle or Fail responding to a
// locally-initiated payment. This is handled asynchronously to avoid blocking
// the main event loop within the switch, as these operations can require
// multiple db transactions. The guarantees of the circuit map are stringent
// enough such that we are able to tolerate reordering of these operations
// without side effects. The primary operations handled are:
//  1. Save the payment result to the pending payment store.
//  2. Notify subscribers about the payment result.
//  3. Ack settle/fail references, to avoid resending this response internally
//  4. Teardown the closing circuit in the circuit map
//
// NOTE: This method MUST be spawned as a goroutine.
func (s *Switch) handleLocalResponse(pkt *htlcPacket) {
	defer s.wg.Done()

	attemptID := pkt.incomingHTLCID

	// The error reason will be unencypted in case this a local
	// failure or a converted error.
	unencrypted := pkt.localFailure || pkt.convertedError
	n := &networkResult{
		msg:          pkt.htlc,
		unencrypted:  unencrypted,
		isResolution: pkt.isResolution,
	}

	// Store the result to the db. This will also notify subscribers about
	// the result.
	if err := s.networkResults.storeResult(attemptID, n); err != nil {
		log.Errorf("Unable to complete payment for pid=%v: %v",
			attemptID, err)
		return
	}

	// First, we'll clean up any fwdpkg references, circuit entries, and
	// mark in our db that the payment for this payment hash has either
	// succeeded or failed.
	//
	// If this response is contained in a forwarding package, we'll start by
	// acking the settle/fail so that we don't continue to retransmit the
	// HTLC internally.
	if pkt.destRef != nil {
		if err := s.ackSettleFail(*pkt.destRef); err != nil {
			log.Warnf("Unable to ack settle/fail reference: %s: %v",
				*pkt.destRef, err)
			return
		}
	}

	// Next, we'll remove the circuit since we are about to complete an
	// fulfill/fail of this HTLC. Since we've already removed the
	// settle/fail fwdpkg reference, the response from the peer cannot be
	// replayed internally if this step fails. If this happens, this logic
	// will be executed when a provided resolution message comes through.
	// This can only happen if the circuit is still open, which is why this
	// ordering is chosen.
	if err := s.teardownCircuit(pkt); err != nil {
		log.Warnf("Unable to teardown circuit %s: %v",
			pkt.inKey(), err)
		return
	}

	// Finally, notify on the htlc failure or success that has been handled.
	key := newHtlcKey(pkt)
	eventType := getEventType(pkt)

	switch htlc := pkt.htlc.(type) {
	case *lnwire.UpdateFulfillHTLC:
		s.cfg.HtlcNotifier.NotifySettleEvent(key, htlc.PaymentPreimage,
			eventType)

	case *lnwire.UpdateFailHTLC:
		s.cfg.HtlcNotifier.NotifyForwardingFailEvent(key, eventType)
	}
}

// extractResult uses the given deobfuscator to extract the payment result from
// the given network message.
func (s *Switch) extractResult(deobfuscator ErrorDecrypter, n *networkResult,
	attemptID uint64, paymentHash lntypes.Hash) (*PaymentResult, error) {

	switch htlc := n.msg.(type) {

	// We've received a settle update which means we can finalize the user
	// payment and return successful response.
	case *lnwire.UpdateFulfillHTLC:
		return &PaymentResult{
			Preimage: htlc.PaymentPreimage,
		}, nil

	// We've received a fail update which means we can finalize the
	// user payment and return fail response.
	case *lnwire.UpdateFailHTLC:
		paymentErr := s.parseFailedPayment(
			deobfuscator, attemptID, paymentHash, n.unencrypted,
			n.isResolution, htlc,
		)

		return &PaymentResult{
			Error: paymentErr,
		}, nil

	default:
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("received unknown response type: %T",
			htlc)
	}
}

// parseFailedPayment determines the appropriate failure message to return to
// a user initiated payment. The three cases handled are:
// 1) An unencrypted failure, which should already plaintext.
// 2) A resolution from the chain arbitrator, which possibly has no failure
//    reason attached.
// 3) A failure from the remote party, which will need to be decrypted using
//    the payment deobfuscator.
func (s *Switch) parseFailedPayment(deobfuscator ErrorDecrypter,
	attemptID uint64, paymentHash lntypes.Hash, unencrypted,
	isResolution bool, htlc *lnwire.UpdateFailHTLC) error {

	switch {

	// The payment never cleared the link, so we don't need to
	// decrypt the error, simply decode it them report back to the
	// user.
	case unencrypted:
		r := bytes.NewReader(htlc.Reason)
		failureMsg, err := lnwire.DecodeFailure(r, 0)
		if err != nil {
			// If we could not decode the failure reason, return a link
			// error indicating that we failed to decode the onion.
			linkError := NewDetailedLinkError(
				// As this didn't even clear the link, we don't
				// need to apply an update here since it goes
				// directly to the router.
				lnwire.NewTemporaryChannelFailure(nil),
				OutgoingFailureDecodeError,
			)

			log.Errorf("%v: (hash=%v, pid=%d): %v",
				linkError.FailureDetail.FailureString(),
				paymentHash, attemptID, err)

			return linkError
		}

		// If we successfully decoded the failure reason, return it.
		return NewLinkError(failureMsg)

	// A payment had to be timed out on chain before it got past
	// the first hop. In this case, we'll report a permanent
	// channel failure as this means us, or the remote party had to
	// go on chain.
	case isResolution && htlc.Reason == nil:
		linkError := NewDetailedLinkError(
			&lnwire.FailPermanentChannelFailure{},
			OutgoingFailureOnChainTimeout,
		)

		log.Infof("%v: hash=%v, pid=%d",
			linkError.FailureDetail.FailureString(),
			paymentHash, attemptID)

		return linkError

	// A regular multi-hop payment error that we'll need to
	// decrypt.
	default:
		// We'll attempt to fully decrypt the onion encrypted
		// error. If we're unable to then we'll bail early.
		failure, err := deobfuscator.DecryptError(htlc.Reason)
		if err != nil {
			log.Errorf("unable to de-obfuscate onion failure "+
				"(hash=%v, pid=%d): %v",
				paymentHash, attemptID, err)

			return ErrUnreadableFailureMessage
		}

		return failure
	}
}

// handlePacketForward is used in cases when we need forward the htlc update
// from one channel link to another and be able to propagate the settle/fail
// updates back. This behaviour is achieved by creation of payment circuits.
func (s *Switch) handlePacketForward(packet *htlcPacket) error {
	switch htlc := packet.htlc.(type) {

	// Channel link forwarded us a new htlc, therefore we initiate the
	// payment circuit within our internal state so we can properly forward
	// the ultimate settle message back latter.
	case *lnwire.UpdateAddHTLC:
		// Check if the node is set to reject all onward HTLCs and also make
		// sure that HTLC is not from the source node.
		if s.cfg.RejectHTLC {
			failure := NewDetailedLinkError(
				&lnwire.FailChannelDisabled{},
				OutgoingFailureForwardsDisabled,
			)

			return s.failAddPacket(packet, failure)
		}

		// Before we attempt to find a non-strict forwarding path for
		// this htlc, check whether the htlc is being routed over the
		// same incoming and outgoing channel. If our node does not
		// allow forwards of this nature, we fail the htlc early. This
		// check is in place to disallow inefficiently routed htlcs from
		// locking up our balance.
		linkErr := checkCircularForward(
			packet.incomingChanID, packet.outgoingChanID,
			s.cfg.AllowCircularRoute, htlc.PaymentHash,
		)
		if linkErr != nil {
			return s.failAddPacket(packet, linkErr)
		}

		s.indexMtx.RLock()
		targetLink, err := s.getLinkByShortID(packet.outgoingChanID)
		if err != nil {
			s.indexMtx.RUnlock()

			log.Debugf("unable to find link with "+
				"destination %v", packet.outgoingChanID)

			// If packet was forwarded from another channel link
			// than we should notify this link that some error
			// occurred.
			linkError := NewLinkError(
				&lnwire.FailUnknownNextPeer{},
			)

			return s.failAddPacket(packet, linkError)
		}
		targetPeerKey := targetLink.Peer().PubKey()
		interfaceLinks, _ := s.getLinks(targetPeerKey)
		s.indexMtx.RUnlock()

		// We'll keep track of any HTLC failures during the link
		// selection process. This way we can return the error for
		// precise link that the sender selected, while optimistically
		// trying all links to utilize our available bandwidth.
		linkErrs := make(map[lnwire.ShortChannelID]*LinkError)

		// Find all destination channel links with appropriate
		// bandwidth.
		var destinations []ChannelLink
		for _, link := range interfaceLinks {
			var failure *LinkError

			// We'll skip any links that aren't yet eligible for
			// forwarding.
			if !link.EligibleToForward() {
				failure = NewDetailedLinkError(
					&lnwire.FailUnknownNextPeer{},
					OutgoingFailureLinkNotEligible,
				)
			} else {
				// We'll ensure that the HTLC satisfies the
				// current forwarding conditions of this target
				// link.
				currentHeight := atomic.LoadUint32(&s.bestHeight)
				failure = link.CheckHtlcForward(
					htlc.PaymentHash, packet.incomingAmount,
					packet.amount, packet.incomingTimeout,
					packet.outgoingTimeout, currentHeight,
				)
			}

			// If this link can forward the htlc, add it to the set
			// of destinations.
			if failure == nil {
				destinations = append(destinations, link)
				continue
			}

			linkErrs[link.ShortChanID()] = failure
		}

		// If we had a forwarding failure due to the HTLC not
		// satisfying the current policy, then we'll send back an
		// error, but ensure we send back the error sourced at the
		// *target* link.
		if len(destinations) == 0 {
			// At this point, some or all of the links rejected the
			// HTLC so we couldn't forward it. So we'll try to look
			// up the error that came from the source.
			linkErr, ok := linkErrs[packet.outgoingChanID]
			if !ok {
				// If we can't find the error of the source,
				// then we'll return an unknown next peer,
				// though this should never happen.
				linkErr = NewLinkError(
					&lnwire.FailUnknownNextPeer{},
				)
				log.Warnf("unable to find err source for "+
					"outgoing_link=%v, errors=%v",
					packet.outgoingChanID, newLogClosure(func() string {
						return spew.Sdump(linkErrs)
					}))
			}

			log.Tracef("incoming HTLC(%x) violated "+
				"target outgoing link (id=%v) policy: %v",
				htlc.PaymentHash[:], packet.outgoingChanID,
				linkErr)

			return s.failAddPacket(packet, linkErr)
		}

		// Choose a random link out of the set of links that can forward
		// this htlc. The reason for randomization is to evenly
		// distribute the htlc load without making assumptions about
		// what the best channel is.
		destination := destinations[rand.Intn(len(destinations))]

		// Send the packet to the destination channel link which
		// manages the channel.
		packet.outgoingChanID = destination.ShortChanID()
		return destination.HandleSwitchPacket(packet)

	case *lnwire.UpdateFailHTLC, *lnwire.UpdateFulfillHTLC:
		// If the source of this packet has not been set, use the
		// circuit map to lookup the origin.
		circuit, err := s.closeCircuit(packet)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		// closeCircuit returns a nil circuit when a settle packet returns an
		// ErrUnknownCircuit error upon the inner call to CloseCircuit.
		if circuit == nil {
			return nil
		}

		fail, isFail := htlc.(*lnwire.UpdateFailHTLC)
		if isFail && !packet.hasSource {
			switch {
			// No message to encrypt, locally sourced payment.
			case circuit.ErrorEncrypter == nil:

			// If this is a resolution message, then we'll need to
			// encrypt it as it's actually internally sourced.
			case packet.isResolution:
				var err error
				// TODO(roasbeef): don't need to pass actually?
				failure := &lnwire.FailPermanentChannelFailure{}
				fail.Reason, err = circuit.ErrorEncrypter.EncryptFirstHop(
					failure,
				)
				if err != nil {
					err = fmt.Errorf("unable to obfuscate "+
						"error: %v", err)
					log.Error(err)
				}

			// Alternatively, if the remote party send us an
			// UpdateFailMalformedHTLC, then we'll need to convert
			// this into a proper well formatted onion error as
			// there's no HMAC currently.
			case packet.convertedError:
				log.Infof("Converting malformed HTLC error "+
					"for circuit for Circuit(%x: "+
					"(%s, %d) <-> (%s, %d))", packet.circuit.PaymentHash,
					packet.incomingChanID, packet.incomingHTLCID,
					packet.outgoingChanID, packet.outgoingHTLCID)

				fail.Reason = circuit.ErrorEncrypter.EncryptMalformedError(
					fail.Reason,
				)

			default:
				// Otherwise, it's a forwarded error, so we'll perform a
				// wrapper encryption as normal.
				fail.Reason = circuit.ErrorEncrypter.IntermediateEncrypt(
					fail.Reason,
				)
			}
		} else if !isFail && circuit.Outgoing != nil {
			// If this is an HTLC settle, and it wasn't from a
			// locally initiated HTLC, then we'll log a forwarding
			// event so we can flush it to disk later.
			//
			// TODO(roasbeef): only do this once link actually
			// fully settles?
			localHTLC := packet.incomingChanID == hop.Source
			if !localHTLC {
				log.Infof("Forwarded HTLC(%x) of %v (fee: %v) "+
					"from IncomingChanID(%v) to OutgoingChanID(%v)",
					circuit.PaymentHash[:], circuit.OutgoingAmount,
					circuit.IncomingAmount-circuit.OutgoingAmount,
					circuit.Incoming.ChanID, circuit.Outgoing.ChanID)
				s.fwdEventMtx.Lock()
				s.pendingFwdingEvents = append(
					s.pendingFwdingEvents,
					channeldb.ForwardingEvent{
						Timestamp:      time.Now(),
						IncomingChanID: circuit.Incoming.ChanID,
						OutgoingChanID: circuit.Outgoing.ChanID,
						AmtIn:          circuit.IncomingAmount,
						AmtOut:         circuit.OutgoingAmount,
					},
				)
				s.fwdEventMtx.Unlock()
			}
		}

		// A blank IncomingChanID in a circuit indicates that it is a pending
		// user-initiated payment.
		if packet.incomingChanID == hop.Source {
			s.wg.Add(1)
			go s.handleLocalResponse(packet)
			return nil
		}

		// Check to see that the source link is online before removing
		// the circuit.
		return s.mailOrchestrator.Deliver(packet.incomingChanID, packet)

	default:
		return errors.New("wrong update type")
	}
}

// checkCircularForward checks whether a forward is circular (arrives and
// departs on the same link) and returns a link error if the switch is
// configured to disallow this behaviour.
func checkCircularForward(incoming, outgoing lnwire.ShortChannelID,
	allowCircular bool, paymentHash lntypes.Hash) *LinkError {

	// If the route is not circular we do not need to perform any further
	// checks.
	if incoming != outgoing {
		return nil
	}

	// If the incoming and outgoing link are equal, the htlc is part of a
	// circular route which may be used to lock up our liquidity. If the
	// switch is configured to allow circular routes, log that we are
	// allowing the route then return nil.
	if allowCircular {
		log.Debugf("allowing circular route over link: %v "+
			"(payment hash: %x)", incoming, paymentHash)
		return nil
	}

	// If our node disallows circular routes, return a temporary channel
	// failure. There is nothing wrong with the policy used by the remote
	// node, so we do not include a channel update.
	return NewDetailedLinkError(
		lnwire.NewTemporaryChannelFailure(nil),
		OutgoingFailureCircularRoute,
	)
}

// failAddPacket encrypts a fail packet back to an add packet's source.
// The ciphertext will be derived from the failure message proivded by context.
// This method returns the failErr if all other steps complete successfully.
func (s *Switch) failAddPacket(packet *htlcPacket, failure *LinkError) error {
	// Encrypt the failure so that the sender will be able to read the error
	// message. Since we failed this packet, we use EncryptFirstHop to
	// obfuscate the failure for their eyes only.
	reason, err := packet.obfuscator.EncryptFirstHop(failure.WireMessage())
	if err != nil {
		err := fmt.Errorf("unable to obfuscate "+
			"error: %v", err)
		log.Error(err)
		return err
	}

	log.Error(failure.Error())

	// Create a failure packet for this htlc. The the full set of
	// information about the htlc failure is included so that they can
	// be included in link failure notifications.
	failPkt := &htlcPacket{
		sourceRef:       packet.sourceRef,
		incomingChanID:  packet.incomingChanID,
		incomingHTLCID:  packet.incomingHTLCID,
		outgoingChanID:  packet.outgoingChanID,
		outgoingHTLCID:  packet.outgoingHTLCID,
		incomingAmount:  packet.incomingAmount,
		amount:          packet.amount,
		incomingTimeout: packet.incomingTimeout,
		outgoingTimeout: packet.outgoingTimeout,
		circuit:         packet.circuit,
		linkFailure:     failure,
		htlc: &lnwire.UpdateFailHTLC{
			Reason: reason,
		},
	}

	// Route a fail packet back to the source link.
	err = s.mailOrchestrator.Deliver(failPkt.incomingChanID, failPkt)
	if err != nil {
		err = fmt.Errorf("source chanid=%v unable to "+
			"handle switch packet: %v",
			packet.incomingChanID, err)
		log.Error(err)
		return err
	}

	return failure
}

// closeCircuit accepts a settle or fail htlc and the associated htlc packet and
// attempts to determine the source that forwarded this htlc. This method will
// set the incoming chan and htlc ID of the given packet if the source was
// found, and will properly [re]encrypt any failure messages.
func (s *Switch) closeCircuit(pkt *htlcPacket) (*PaymentCircuit, error) {
	// If the packet has its source, that means it was failed locally by
	// the outgoing link. We fail it here to make sure only one response
	// makes it through the switch.
	if pkt.hasSource {
		circuit, err := s.circuits.FailCircuit(pkt.inKey())
		switch err {

		// Circuit successfully closed.
		case nil:
			return circuit, nil

		// Circuit was previously closed, but has not been deleted.
		// We'll just drop this response until the circuit has been
		// fully removed.
		case ErrCircuitClosing:
			return nil, err

		// Failed to close circuit because it does not exist. This is
		// likely because the circuit was already successfully closed.
		// Since this packet failed locally, there is no forwarding
		// package entry to acknowledge.
		case ErrUnknownCircuit:
			return nil, err

		// Unexpected error.
		default:
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	// Otherwise, this is packet was received from the remote party.  Use
	// circuit map to find the incoming link to receive the settle/fail.
	circuit, err := s.circuits.CloseCircuit(pkt.outKey())
	switch err {

	// Open circuit successfully closed.
	case nil:
		pkt.incomingChanID = circuit.Incoming.ChanID
		pkt.incomingHTLCID = circuit.Incoming.HtlcID
		pkt.circuit = circuit
		pkt.sourceRef = &circuit.AddRef

		pktType := "SETTLE"
		if _, ok := pkt.htlc.(*lnwire.UpdateFailHTLC); ok {
			pktType = "FAIL"
		}

		log.Debugf("Closed completed %s circuit for %x: "+
			"(%s, %d) <-> (%s, %d)", pktType, pkt.circuit.PaymentHash,
			pkt.incomingChanID, pkt.incomingHTLCID,
			pkt.outgoingChanID, pkt.outgoingHTLCID)

		return circuit, nil

	// Circuit was previously closed, but has not been deleted. We'll just
	// drop this response until the circuit has been removed.
	case ErrCircuitClosing:
		return nil, err

	// Failed to close circuit because it does not exist. This is likely
	// because the circuit was already successfully closed.
	case ErrUnknownCircuit:
		if pkt.destRef != nil {
			// Add this SettleFailRef to the set of pending settle/fail entries
			// awaiting acknowledgement.
			s.pendingSettleFails = append(s.pendingSettleFails, *pkt.destRef)
		}

		// If this is a settle, we will not log an error message as settles
		// are expected to hit the ErrUnknownCircuit case. The only way fails
		// can hit this case if the link restarts after having just sent a fail
		// to the switch.
		_, isSettle := pkt.htlc.(*lnwire.UpdateFulfillHTLC)
		if !isSettle {
			err := fmt.Errorf("unable to find target channel "+
				"for HTLC fail: channel ID = %s, "+
				"HTLC ID = %d", pkt.outgoingChanID,
				pkt.outgoingHTLCID)
			log.Error(err)

			return nil, err
		}

		return nil, nil

	// Unexpected error.
	default:
		return nil, err
	}
}

// ackSettleFail is used by the switch to ACK any settle/fail entries in the
// forwarding package of the outgoing link for a payment circuit. We do this if
// we're the originator of the payment, so the link stops attempting to
// re-broadcast.
func (s *Switch) ackSettleFail(settleFailRefs ...channeldb.SettleFailRef) error {
	return kvdb.Batch(s.cfg.DB.Backend, func(tx kvdb.RwTx) error {
		return s.cfg.SwitchPackager.AckSettleFails(tx, settleFailRefs...)
	})
}

// teardownCircuit removes a pending or open circuit from the switch's circuit
// map and prints useful logging statements regarding the outcome.
func (s *Switch) teardownCircuit(pkt *htlcPacket) error {
	var pktType string
	switch htlc := pkt.htlc.(type) {
	case *lnwire.UpdateFulfillHTLC:
		pktType = "SETTLE"
	case *lnwire.UpdateFailHTLC:
		pktType = "FAIL"
	default:
		err := fmt.Errorf("cannot tear down packet of type: %T", htlc)
		log.Errorf(err.Error())
		return err
	}

	switch {
	case pkt.circuit.HasKeystone():
		log.Debugf("Tearing down open circuit with %s pkt, removing circuit=%v "+
			"with keystone=%v", pktType, pkt.inKey(), pkt.outKey())

		err := s.circuits.DeleteCircuits(pkt.inKey())
		if err != nil {
			log.Warnf("Failed to tear down open circuit (%s, %d) <-> (%s, %d) "+
				"with payment_hash-%v using %s pkt",
				pkt.incomingChanID, pkt.incomingHTLCID,
				pkt.outgoingChanID, pkt.outgoingHTLCID,
				pkt.circuit.PaymentHash, pktType)
			return err
		}

		log.Debugf("Closed completed %s circuit for %x: "+
			"(%s, %d) <-> (%s, %d)", pktType, pkt.circuit.PaymentHash,
			pkt.incomingChanID, pkt.incomingHTLCID,
			pkt.outgoingChanID, pkt.outgoingHTLCID)

	default:
		log.Debugf("Tearing down incomplete circuit with %s for inkey=%v",
			pktType, pkt.inKey())

		err := s.circuits.DeleteCircuits(pkt.inKey())
		if err != nil {
			log.Warnf("Failed to tear down pending %s circuit for %x: "+
				"(%s, %d)", pktType, pkt.circuit.PaymentHash,
				pkt.incomingChanID, pkt.incomingHTLCID)
			return err
		}

		log.Debugf("Removed pending onion circuit for %x: "+
			"(%s, %d)", pkt.circuit.PaymentHash,
			pkt.incomingChanID, pkt.incomingHTLCID)
	}

	return nil
}

// CloseLink creates and sends the close channel command to the target link
// directing the specified closure type. If the closure type is CloseRegular,
// targetFeePerKw parameter should be the ideal fee-per-kw that will be used as
// a starting point for close negotiation. The deliveryScript parameter is an
// optional parameter which sets a user specified script to close out to.
func (s *Switch) CloseLink(chanPoint *wire.OutPoint,
	closeType ChannelCloseType, targetFeePerKw chainfee.SatPerKWeight,
	deliveryScript lnwire.DeliveryAddress) (chan interface{}, chan error) {

	// TODO(roasbeef) abstract out the close updates.
	updateChan := make(chan interface{}, 2)
	errChan := make(chan error, 1)

	command := &ChanClose{
		CloseType:      closeType,
		ChanPoint:      chanPoint,
		Updates:        updateChan,
		TargetFeePerKw: targetFeePerKw,
		DeliveryScript: deliveryScript,
		Err:            errChan,
	}

	select {
	case s.chanCloseRequests <- command:
		return updateChan, errChan

	case <-s.quit:
		errChan <- ErrSwitchExiting
		close(updateChan)
		return updateChan, errChan
	}
}

// htlcForwarder is responsible for optimally forwarding (and possibly
// fragmenting) incoming/outgoing HTLCs amongst all active interfaces and their
// links. The duties of the forwarder are similar to that of a network switch,
// in that it facilitates multi-hop payments by acting as a central messaging
// bus. The switch communicates will active links to create, manage, and tear
// down active onion routed payments. Each active channel is modeled as
// networked device with metadata such as the available payment bandwidth, and
// total link capacity.
//
// NOTE: This MUST be run as a goroutine.
func (s *Switch) htlcForwarder() {
	defer s.wg.Done()

	defer func() {
		s.blockEpochStream.Cancel()

		// Remove all links once we've been signalled for shutdown.
		var linksToStop []ChannelLink
		s.indexMtx.Lock()
		for _, link := range s.linkIndex {
			activeLink := s.removeLink(link.ChanID())
			if activeLink == nil {
				log.Errorf("unable to remove ChannelLink(%v) "+
					"on stop", link.ChanID())
				continue
			}
			linksToStop = append(linksToStop, activeLink)
		}
		for _, link := range s.pendingLinkIndex {
			pendingLink := s.removeLink(link.ChanID())
			if pendingLink == nil {
				log.Errorf("unable to remove ChannelLink(%v) "+
					"on stop", link.ChanID())
				continue
			}
			linksToStop = append(linksToStop, pendingLink)
		}
		s.indexMtx.Unlock()

		// Now that all pending and live links have been removed from
		// the forwarding indexes, stop each one before shutting down.
		// We'll shut them down in parallel to make exiting as fast as
		// possible.
		var wg sync.WaitGroup
		for _, link := range linksToStop {
			wg.Add(1)
			go func(l ChannelLink) {
				defer wg.Done()
				l.Stop()
			}(link)
		}
		wg.Wait()

		// Before we exit fully, we'll attempt to flush out any
		// forwarding events that may still be lingering since the last
		// batch flush.
		if err := s.FlushForwardingEvents(); err != nil {
			log.Errorf("unable to flush forwarding events: %v", err)
		}
	}()

	// TODO(roasbeef): cleared vs settled distinction
	var (
		totalNumUpdates uint64
		totalSatSent    btcutil.Amount
		totalSatRecv    btcutil.Amount
	)
	s.cfg.LogEventTicker.Resume()
	defer s.cfg.LogEventTicker.Stop()

	// Every 15 seconds, we'll flush out the forwarding events that
	// occurred during that period.
	s.cfg.FwdEventTicker.Resume()
	defer s.cfg.FwdEventTicker.Stop()

	defer s.cfg.AckEventTicker.Stop()

out:
	for {

		// If the set of pending settle/fail entries is non-zero,
		// reinstate the ack ticker so we can batch ack them.
		if len(s.pendingSettleFails) > 0 {
			s.cfg.AckEventTicker.Resume()
		}

		select {
		case blockEpoch, ok := <-s.blockEpochStream.Epochs:
			if !ok {
				break out
			}

			atomic.StoreUint32(&s.bestHeight, uint32(blockEpoch.Height))

		// A local close request has arrived, we'll forward this to the
		// relevant link (if it exists) so the channel can be
		// cooperatively closed (if possible).
		case req := <-s.chanCloseRequests:
			chanID := lnwire.NewChanIDFromOutPoint(req.ChanPoint)

			s.indexMtx.RLock()
			link, ok := s.linkIndex[chanID]
			if !ok {
				s.indexMtx.RUnlock()

				req.Err <- fmt.Errorf("no peer for channel with "+
					"chan_id=%x", chanID[:])
				continue
			}
			s.indexMtx.RUnlock()

			peerPub := link.Peer().PubKey()
			log.Debugf("Requesting local channel close: peer=%v, "+
				"chan_id=%x", link.Peer(), chanID[:])

			go s.cfg.LocalChannelClose(peerPub[:], req)

		case resolutionMsg := <-s.resolutionMsgs:
			pkt := &htlcPacket{
				outgoingChanID: resolutionMsg.SourceChan,
				outgoingHTLCID: resolutionMsg.HtlcIndex,
				isResolution:   true,
			}

			// Resolution messages will either be cancelling
			// backwards an existing HTLC, or settling a previously
			// outgoing HTLC. Based on this, we'll map the message
			// to the proper htlcPacket.
			if resolutionMsg.Failure != nil {
				pkt.htlc = &lnwire.UpdateFailHTLC{}
			} else {
				pkt.htlc = &lnwire.UpdateFulfillHTLC{
					PaymentPreimage: *resolutionMsg.PreImage,
				}
			}

			log.Infof("Received outside contract resolution, "+
				"mapping to: %v", spew.Sdump(pkt))

			// We don't check the error, as the only failure we can
			// encounter is due to the circuit already being
			// closed. This is fine, as processing this message is
			// meant to be idempotent.
			err := s.handlePacketForward(pkt)
			if err != nil {
				log.Errorf("Unable to forward resolution msg: %v", err)
			}

			// With the message processed, we'll now close out
			close(resolutionMsg.doneChan)

		// A new packet has arrived for forwarding, we'll interpret the
		// packet concretely, then either forward it along, or
		// interpret a return packet to a locally initialized one.
		case cmd := <-s.htlcPlex:
			cmd.err <- s.handlePacketForward(cmd.pkt)

		// When this time ticks, then it indicates that we should
		// collect all the forwarding events since the last internal,
		// and write them out to our log.
		case <-s.cfg.FwdEventTicker.Ticks():
			s.wg.Add(1)
			go func() {
				defer s.wg.Done()

				if err := s.FlushForwardingEvents(); err != nil {
					log.Errorf("unable to flush "+
						"forwarding events: %v", err)
				}
			}()

		// The log ticker has fired, so we'll calculate some forwarding
		// stats for the last 10 seconds to display within the logs to
		// users.
		case <-s.cfg.LogEventTicker.Ticks():
			// First, we'll collate the current running tally of
			// our forwarding stats.
			prevSatSent := totalSatSent
			prevSatRecv := totalSatRecv
			prevNumUpdates := totalNumUpdates

			var (
				newNumUpdates uint64
				newSatSent    btcutil.Amount
				newSatRecv    btcutil.Amount
			)

			// Next, we'll run through all the registered links and
			// compute their up-to-date forwarding stats.
			s.indexMtx.RLock()
			for _, link := range s.linkIndex {
				// TODO(roasbeef): when links first registered
				// stats printed.
				updates, sent, recv := link.Stats()
				newNumUpdates += updates
				newSatSent += sent.ToSatoshis()
				newSatRecv += recv.ToSatoshis()
			}
			s.indexMtx.RUnlock()

			var (
				diffNumUpdates uint64
				diffSatSent    btcutil.Amount
				diffSatRecv    btcutil.Amount
			)

			// If this is the first time we're computing these
			// stats, then the diff is just the new value. We do
			// this in order to avoid integer underflow issues.
			if prevNumUpdates == 0 {
				diffNumUpdates = newNumUpdates
				diffSatSent = newSatSent
				diffSatRecv = newSatRecv
			} else {
				diffNumUpdates = newNumUpdates - prevNumUpdates
				diffSatSent = newSatSent - prevSatSent
				diffSatRecv = newSatRecv - prevSatRecv
			}

			// If the diff of num updates is zero, then we haven't
			// forwarded anything in the last 10 seconds, so we can
			// skip this update.
			if diffNumUpdates == 0 {
				continue
			}

			// If the diff of num updates is negative, then some
			// links may have been unregistered from the switch, so
			// we'll update our stats to only include our registered
			// links.
			if int64(diffNumUpdates) < 0 {
				totalNumUpdates = newNumUpdates
				totalSatSent = newSatSent
				totalSatRecv = newSatRecv
				continue
			}

			// Otherwise, we'll log this diff, then accumulate the
			// new stats into the running total.
			log.Debugf("Sent %d satoshis and received %d satoshis "+
				"in the last 10 seconds (%f tx/sec)",
				diffSatSent, diffSatRecv,
				float64(diffNumUpdates)/10)

			totalNumUpdates += diffNumUpdates
			totalSatSent += diffSatSent
			totalSatRecv += diffSatRecv

		// The ack ticker has fired so if we have any settle/fail entries
		// for a forwarding package to ack, we will do so here in a batch
		// db call.
		case <-s.cfg.AckEventTicker.Ticks():
			// If the current set is empty, pause the ticker.
			if len(s.pendingSettleFails) == 0 {
				s.cfg.AckEventTicker.Pause()
				continue
			}

			// Batch ack the settle/fail entries.
			if err := s.ackSettleFail(s.pendingSettleFails...); err != nil {
				log.Errorf("Unable to ack batch of settle/fails: %v", err)
				continue
			}

			log.Tracef("Acked %d settle fails: %v", len(s.pendingSettleFails),
				newLogClosure(func() string {
					return spew.Sdump(s.pendingSettleFails)
				}))

			// Reset the pendingSettleFails buffer while keeping acquired
			// memory.
			s.pendingSettleFails = s.pendingSettleFails[:0]

		case <-s.quit:
			return
		}
	}
}

// Start starts all helper goroutines required for the operation of the switch.
func (s *Switch) Start() error {
	if !atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&s.started, 0, 1) {
		log.Warn("Htlc Switch already started")
		return errors.New("htlc switch already started")
	}

	log.Infof("Starting HTLC Switch")

	blockEpochStream, err := s.cfg.Notifier.RegisterBlockEpochNtfn(nil)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	s.blockEpochStream = blockEpochStream

	s.wg.Add(1)
	go s.htlcForwarder()

	if err := s.reforwardResponses(); err != nil {
		s.Stop()
		log.Errorf("unable to reforward responses: %v", err)
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

// reforwardResponses for every known, non-pending channel, loads all associated
// forwarding packages and reforwards any Settle or Fail HTLCs found. This is
// used to resurrect the switch's mailboxes after a restart.
func (s *Switch) reforwardResponses() error {
	openChannels, err := s.cfg.DB.FetchAllOpenChannels()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	for _, openChannel := range openChannels {
		shortChanID := openChannel.ShortChanID()

		// Locally-initiated payments never need reforwarding.
		if shortChanID == hop.Source {
			continue
		}

		// If the channel is pending, it should have no forwarding
		// packages, and nothing to reforward.
		if openChannel.IsPending {
			continue
		}

		// Channels in open or waiting-close may still have responses in
		// their forwarding packages. We will continue to reattempt
		// forwarding on startup until the channel is fully-closed.
		//
		// Load this channel's forwarding packages, and deliver them to
		// the switch.
		fwdPkgs, err := s.loadChannelFwdPkgs(shortChanID)
		if err != nil {
			log.Errorf("unable to load forwarding "+
				"packages for %v: %v", shortChanID, err)
			return err
		}

		s.reforwardSettleFails(fwdPkgs)
	}

	return nil
}

// loadChannelFwdPkgs loads all forwarding packages owned by the `source` short
// channel identifier.
func (s *Switch) loadChannelFwdPkgs(source lnwire.ShortChannelID) ([]*channeldb.FwdPkg, error) {

	var fwdPkgs []*channeldb.FwdPkg
	if err := kvdb.View(s.cfg.DB, func(tx kvdb.RTx) error {
		var err error
		fwdPkgs, err = s.cfg.SwitchPackager.LoadChannelFwdPkgs(
			tx, source,
		)
		return err
	}, func() {
		fwdPkgs = nil
	}); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return fwdPkgs, nil
}

// reforwardSettleFails parses the Settle and Fail HTLCs from the list of
// forwarding packages, and reforwards those that have not been acknowledged.
// This is intended to occur on startup, in order to recover the switch's
// mailboxes, and to ensure that responses can be propagated in case the
// outgoing link never comes back online.
//
// NOTE: This should mimic the behavior processRemoteSettleFails.
func (s *Switch) reforwardSettleFails(fwdPkgs []*channeldb.FwdPkg) {
	for _, fwdPkg := range fwdPkgs {
		settleFails, err := lnwallet.PayDescsFromRemoteLogUpdates(
			fwdPkg.Source, fwdPkg.Height, fwdPkg.SettleFails,
		)
		if err != nil {
			log.Errorf("Unable to process remote log updates: %v",
				err)
			continue
		}

		switchPackets := make([]*htlcPacket, 0, len(settleFails))
		for i, pd := range settleFails {

			// Skip any settles or fails that have already been
			// acknowledged by the incoming link that originated the
			// forwarded Add.
			if fwdPkg.SettleFailFilter.Contains(uint16(i)) {
				continue
			}

			switch pd.EntryType {

			// A settle for an HTLC we previously forwarded HTLC has
			// been received. So we'll forward the HTLC to the
			// switch which will handle propagating the settle to
			// the prior hop.
			case lnwallet.Settle:
				settlePacket := &htlcPacket{
					outgoingChanID: fwdPkg.Source,
					outgoingHTLCID: pd.ParentIndex,
					destRef:        pd.DestRef,
					htlc: &lnwire.UpdateFulfillHTLC{
						PaymentPreimage: pd.RPreimage,
					},
				}

				// Add the packet to the batch to be forwarded, and
				// notify the overflow queue that a spare spot has been
				// freed up within the commitment state.
				switchPackets = append(switchPackets, settlePacket)

			// A failureCode message for a previously forwarded HTLC has been
			// received. As a result a new slot will be freed up in our
			// commitment state, so we'll forward this to the switch so the
			// backwards undo can continue.
			case lnwallet.Fail:
				// Fetch the reason the HTLC was canceled so
				// we can continue to propagate it. This
				// failure originated from another node, so
				// the linkFailure field is not set on this
				// packet.
				failPacket := &htlcPacket{
					outgoingChanID: fwdPkg.Source,
					outgoingHTLCID: pd.ParentIndex,
					destRef:        pd.DestRef,
					htlc: &lnwire.UpdateFailHTLC{
						Reason: lnwire.OpaqueReason(pd.FailReason),
					},
				}

				// Add the packet to the batch to be forwarded, and
				// notify the overflow queue that a spare spot has been
				// freed up within the commitment state.
				switchPackets = append(switchPackets, failPacket)
			}
		}

		// Since this send isn't tied to a specific link, we pass a nil
		// link quit channel, meaning the send will fail only if the
		// switch receives a shutdown request.
		if err := s.ForwardPackets(nil, switchPackets...); err != nil {
			log.Errorf("Unhandled error while reforwarding packets "+
				"settle/fail over htlcswitch: %v", err)
		}
	}
}

// Stop gracefully stops all active helper goroutines, then waits until they've
// exited.
func (s *Switch) Stop() error {
	if !atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&s.shutdown, 0, 1) {
		log.Warn("Htlc Switch already stopped")
		return errors.New("htlc switch already shutdown")
	}

	log.Infof("HTLC Switch shutting down")

	close(s.quit)

	s.wg.Wait()

	// Wait until all active goroutines have finished exiting before
	// stopping the mailboxes, otherwise the mailbox map could still be
	// accessed and modified.
	s.mailOrchestrator.Stop()

	return nil
}

// AddLink is used to initiate the handling of the add link command. The
// request will be propagated and handled in the main goroutine.
func (s *Switch) AddLink(link ChannelLink) error {
	s.indexMtx.Lock()
	defer s.indexMtx.Unlock()

	chanID := link.ChanID()

	// First, ensure that this link is not already active in the switch.
	_, err := s.getLink(chanID)
	if err == nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("unable to add ChannelLink(%v), already "+
			"active", chanID)
	}

	// Get and attach the mailbox for this link, which buffers packets in
	// case there packets that we tried to deliver while this link was
	// offline.
	shortChanID := link.ShortChanID()
	mailbox := s.mailOrchestrator.GetOrCreateMailBox(chanID, shortChanID)
	link.AttachMailBox(mailbox)

	if err := link.Start(); err != nil {
		s.removeLink(chanID)
		return err
	}

	if shortChanID == hop.Source {
		log.Infof("Adding pending link chan_id=%v, short_chan_id=%v",
			chanID, shortChanID)

		s.pendingLinkIndex[chanID] = link
	} else {
		log.Infof("Adding live link chan_id=%v, short_chan_id=%v",
			chanID, shortChanID)

		s.addLiveLink(link)
		s.mailOrchestrator.BindLiveShortChanID(
			mailbox, chanID, shortChanID,
		)
	}

	return nil
}

// addLiveLink adds a link to all associated forwarding index, this makes it a
// candidate for forwarding HTLCs.
func (s *Switch) addLiveLink(link ChannelLink) {
	// We'll add the link to the linkIndex which lets us quickly
	// look up a channel when we need to close or register it, and
	// the forwarding index which'll be used when forwarding HTLC's
	// in the multi-hop setting.
	s.linkIndex[link.ChanID()] = link
	s.forwardingIndex[link.ShortChanID()] = link

	// Next we'll add the link to the interface index so we can
	// quickly look up all the channels for a particular node.
	peerPub := link.Peer().PubKey()
	if _, ok := s.interfaceIndex[peerPub]; !ok {
		s.interfaceIndex[peerPub] = make(map[lnwire.ChannelID]ChannelLink)
	}
	s.interfaceIndex[peerPub][link.ChanID()] = link
}

// GetLink is used to initiate the handling of the get link command. The
// request will be propagated/handled to/in the main goroutine.
func (s *Switch) GetLink(chanID lnwire.ChannelID) (ChannelLink, error) {
	s.indexMtx.RLock()
	defer s.indexMtx.RUnlock()

	return s.getLink(chanID)
}

// getLink returns the link stored in either the pending index or the live
// lindex.
func (s *Switch) getLink(chanID lnwire.ChannelID) (ChannelLink, error) {
	link, ok := s.linkIndex[chanID]
	if !ok {
		link, ok = s.pendingLinkIndex[chanID]
		if !ok {
			return nil, ErrChannelLinkNotFound
		}
	}

	return link, nil
}

// getLinkByShortID attempts to return the link which possesses the target
// short channel ID.
//
// NOTE: This MUST be called with the indexMtx held.
func (s *Switch) getLinkByShortID(chanID lnwire.ShortChannelID) (ChannelLink, error) {
	link, ok := s.forwardingIndex[chanID]
	if !ok {
		return nil, ErrChannelLinkNotFound
	}

	return link, nil
}

// HasActiveLink returns true if the given channel ID has a link in the link
// index AND the link is eligible to forward.
func (s *Switch) HasActiveLink(chanID lnwire.ChannelID) bool {
	s.indexMtx.RLock()
	defer s.indexMtx.RUnlock()

	if link, ok := s.linkIndex[chanID]; ok {
		return link.EligibleToForward()
	}

	return false
}

// RemoveLink purges the switch of any link associated with chanID. If a pending
// or active link is not found, this method does nothing. Otherwise, the method
// returns after the link has been completely shutdown.
func (s *Switch) RemoveLink(chanID lnwire.ChannelID) {
	s.indexMtx.Lock()
	link := s.removeLink(chanID)
	s.indexMtx.Unlock()

	if link != nil {
		link.Stop()
	}
}

// removeLink is used to remove and stop the channel link.
//
// NOTE: This MUST be called with the indexMtx held.
func (s *Switch) removeLink(chanID lnwire.ChannelID) ChannelLink {
	log.Infof("Removing channel link with ChannelID(%v)", chanID)

	link, err := s.getLink(chanID)
	if err != nil {
		return nil
	}

	// Remove the channel from live link indexes.
	delete(s.pendingLinkIndex, link.ChanID())
	delete(s.linkIndex, link.ChanID())
	delete(s.forwardingIndex, link.ShortChanID())

	// If the link has been added to the peer index, then we'll move to
	// delete the entry within the index.
	peerPub := link.Peer().PubKey()
	if peerIndex, ok := s.interfaceIndex[peerPub]; ok {
		delete(peerIndex, link.ChanID())

		// If after deletion, there are no longer any links, then we'll
		// remove the interface map all together.
		if len(peerIndex) == 0 {
			delete(s.interfaceIndex, peerPub)
		}
	}

	return link
}

// UpdateShortChanID updates the short chan ID for an existing channel. This is
// required in the case of a re-org and re-confirmation or a channel, or in the
// case that a link was added to the switch before its short chan ID was known.
func (s *Switch) UpdateShortChanID(chanID lnwire.ChannelID) error {
	s.indexMtx.Lock()
	defer s.indexMtx.Unlock()

	// Locate the target link in the pending link index. If no such link
	// exists, then we will ignore the request.
	link, ok := s.pendingLinkIndex[chanID]
	if !ok {
		return fmt.Errorf("link %v not found", chanID)
	}

	oldShortChanID := link.ShortChanID()

	// Try to update the link's short channel ID, returning early if this
	// update failed.
	shortChanID, err := link.UpdateShortChanID()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Reject any blank short channel ids.
	if shortChanID == hop.Source {
		return fmt.Errorf("refusing trivial short_chan_id for chan_id=%v"+
			"live link", chanID)
	}

	log.Infof("Updated short_chan_id for ChannelLink(%v): old=%v, new=%v",
		chanID, oldShortChanID, shortChanID)

	// Since the link was in the pending state before, we will remove it
	// from the pending link index and add it to the live link index so that
	// it can be available in forwarding.
	delete(s.pendingLinkIndex, chanID)
	s.addLiveLink(link)

	// Finally, alert the mail orchestrator to the change of short channel
	// ID, and deliver any unclaimed packets to the link.
	mailbox := s.mailOrchestrator.GetOrCreateMailBox(chanID, shortChanID)
	s.mailOrchestrator.BindLiveShortChanID(
		mailbox, chanID, shortChanID,
	)

	return nil
}

// GetLinksByInterface fetches all the links connected to a particular node
// identified by the serialized compressed form of its public key.
func (s *Switch) GetLinksByInterface(hop [33]byte) ([]ChannelLink, error) {
	s.indexMtx.RLock()
	defer s.indexMtx.RUnlock()

	return s.getLinks(hop)
}

// getLinks is function which returns the channel links of the peer by hop
// destination id.
//
// NOTE: This MUST be called with the indexMtx held.
func (s *Switch) getLinks(destination [33]byte) ([]ChannelLink, error) {
	links, ok := s.interfaceIndex[destination]
	if !ok {
		return nil, ErrNoLinksFound
	}

	channelLinks := make([]ChannelLink, 0, len(links))
	for _, link := range links {
		channelLinks = append(channelLinks, link)
	}

	return channelLinks, nil
}

// CircuitModifier returns a reference to subset of the interfaces provided by
// the circuit map, to allow links to open and close circuits.
func (s *Switch) CircuitModifier() CircuitModifier {
	return s.circuits
}

// CircuitLookup returns a reference to subset of the interfaces provided by the
// circuit map, to allow looking up circuits.
func (s *Switch) CircuitLookup() CircuitLookup {
	return s.circuits
}

// commitCircuits persistently adds a circuit to the switch's circuit map.
func (s *Switch) commitCircuits(circuits ...*PaymentCircuit) (
	*CircuitFwdActions, error) {

	return s.circuits.CommitCircuits(circuits...)
}

// openCircuits preemptively writes the keystones for Adds that are about to be
// added to a commitment txn.
func (s *Switch) openCircuits(keystones ...Keystone) error {
	return s.circuits.OpenCircuits(keystones...)
}

// deleteCircuits persistently removes the circuit, and keystone if present,
// from the circuit map.
func (s *Switch) deleteCircuits(inKeys ...CircuitKey) error {
	return s.circuits.DeleteCircuits(inKeys...)
}

// FlushForwardingEvents flushes out the set of pending forwarding events to
// the persistent log. This will be used by the switch to periodically flush
// out the set of forwarding events to disk. External callers can also use this
// method to ensure all data is flushed to dis before querying the log.
func (s *Switch) FlushForwardingEvents() error {
	// First, we'll obtain a copy of the current set of pending forwarding
	// events.
	s.fwdEventMtx.Lock()

	// If we won't have any forwarding events, then we can exit early.
	if len(s.pendingFwdingEvents) == 0 {
		s.fwdEventMtx.Unlock()
		return nil
	}

	events := make([]channeldb.ForwardingEvent, len(s.pendingFwdingEvents))
	copy(events[:], s.pendingFwdingEvents[:])

	// With the copy obtained, we can now clear out the header pointer of
	// the current slice. This way, we can re-use the underlying storage
	// allocated for the slice.
	s.pendingFwdingEvents = s.pendingFwdingEvents[:0]
	s.fwdEventMtx.Unlock()

	// Finally, we'll write out the copied events to the persistent
	// forwarding log.
	return s.cfg.FwdingLog.AddForwardingEvents(events)
}

// BestHeight returns the best height known to the switch.
func (s *Switch) BestHeight() uint32 {
	return atomic.LoadUint32(&s.bestHeight)
}