package routing import ( "encoding/binary" "math" "container/heap" "github.com/boltdb/bolt" "github.com/lightningnetwork/lightning-onion" "github.com/lightningnetwork/lnd/channeldb" "github.com/roasbeef/btcd/btcec" "github.com/roasbeef/btcd/chaincfg/chainhash" "github.com/roasbeef/btcutil" ) const ( // HopLimit is the maximum number hops that is permissible as a route. // Any potential paths found that lie above this limit will be rejected // with an error. This value is computed using the current fixed-size // packet length of the Sphinx construction. HopLimit = 20 // infinity is used as a starting distance in our shortest path search. infinity = math.MaxFloat64 ) // ChannelHop is an intermediate hop within the network with a greater // multi-hop payment route. This struct contains the relevant routing policy of // the particular edge, as well as the total capacity, and origin chain of the // channel itself. type ChannelHop struct { // Capacity is the total capacity of the channel being traversed. This // value is expressed for stability in satoshis. Capacity btcutil.Amount // Chain is a 32-byte has that denotes the base blockchain network of // the channel. The 32-byte hash is the "genesis" block of the // blockchain, or the very first block in the chain. // // TODO(roasbeef): store chain within edge info/policy in database. Chain chainhash.Hash *channeldb.ChannelEdgePolicy } // Hop represents the forwarding details at a particular position within the // final route. This struct houses the values necessary to create the HTLC // which will travel along this hop, and also encode the per-hop payload // included within the Sphinx packet. type Hop struct { // Channel is the active payment channel edge that this hop will travel // along. Channel *ChannelHop // OutgoingTimeLock is the timelock value that should be used when // crafting the _outgoing_ HTLC from this hop. OutgoingTimeLock uint32 // AmtToForward is the amount that this hop will forward to the next // hop. This value is less than the value that the incoming HTLC // carries as a fee will be subtracted by the hop. AmtToForward btcutil.Amount // Fee is the total fee that this hop will subtract from the incoming // payment, this difference nets the hop fees for forwarding the // payment. Fee btcutil.Amount } // computeFee computes the fee to forward an HTLC of `amt` satoshis over the // passed active payment channel. This value is currently computed as specified // in BOLT07, but will likely change in the near future. func computeFee(amt btcutil.Amount, edge *ChannelHop) btcutil.Amount { return edge.FeeBaseMSat + (amt*edge.FeeProportionalMillionths)/1000000 } // isSamePath returns true if path1 and path2 travel through the exact same // edges, and false otherwise. func isSamePath(path1, path2 []*ChannelHop) bool { if len(path1) != len(path2) { return false } for i := 0; i < len(path1); i++ { if path1[i].ChannelID != path2[i].ChannelID { return false } } return true } // Route represents a path through the channel graph which runs over one or // more channels in succession. This struct carries all the information // required to craft the Sphinx onion packet, and send the payment along the // first hop in the path. A route is only selected as valid if all the channels // have sufficient capacity to carry the initial payment amount after fees are // accounted for. type Route struct { // TotalTimeLock is the cumulative (final) time lock across the entire // route. This is the CLTV value that should be extended to the first // hop in the route. All other hops will decrement the time-lock as // advertised, leaving enough time for all hops to wait for or present // the payment preimage to complete the payment. TotalTimeLock uint32 // TotalFees is the sum of the fees paid at each hop within the final // route. In the case of a one-hop payment, this value will be zero as // we don't need to pay a fee it ourself. TotalFees btcutil.Amount // TotalAmount is the total amount of funds required to complete a // payment over this route. This value includes the cumulative fees at // each hop. As a result, the HTLC extended to the first-hop in the // route will need to have at least this many satoshis, otherwise the // route will fail at an intermediate node due to an insufficient // amount of fees. TotalAmount btcutil.Amount // Hops contains details concerning the specific forwarding details at // each hop. Hops []*Hop } // ToHopPayloads converts a complete route into the series of per-hop payloads // that is to be encoded within each HTLC using an opaque Sphinx packet. func (r *Route) ToHopPayloads() []sphinx.HopData { hopPayloads := make([]sphinx.HopData, len(r.Hops)) // For each hop encoded within the route, we'll convert the hop struct // to the matching per-hop payload struct as used by the sphinx // package. for i, hop := range r.Hops { hopPayloads[i] = sphinx.HopData{ // TODO(roasbeef): properly set realm, make sphinx type // an enum actually? Realm: 0, ForwardAmount: uint64(hop.AmtToForward), OutgoingCltv: hop.OutgoingTimeLock, } // As a base case, the next hop is set to all zeroes in order // to indicate that the "last hop" as no further hops after it. nextHop := uint64(0) // If we aren't on the last hop, then we set the "next address" // field to be the channel that directly follows it. if i != len(r.Hops)-1 { nextHop = r.Hops[i+1].Channel.ChannelID } binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(hopPayloads[i].NextAddress[:], nextHop) } return hopPayloads } // sortableRoutes is a slice of routes that can be sorted. Routes are typically // sorted according to their total cumulative fee within the route. In the case // that two routes require and identical amount of fees, then the total // time-lock will be used as the tie breaker. type sortableRoutes []*Route // Len returns the number of routes in the collection. // // NOTE: This is part of the sort.Interface implementation. func (s sortableRoutes) Len() int { return len(s) } // Less reports whether the route with index i should sort before the route // with index j. To make this decision we first check if the total fees // required for both routes are equal. If so, then we'll let the total time // lock be the tie breaker. Otherwise, we'll put the route with the lowest // total fees first. // // NOTE: This is part of the sort.Interface implementation. func (s sortableRoutes) Less(i, j int) bool { if s[i].TotalFees == s[j].TotalFees { return s[i].TotalTimeLock < s[j].TotalTimeLock } return s[i].TotalFees < s[j].TotalFees } // Swap swaps the elements with indexes i and j. // // NOTE: This is part of the sort.Interface implementation. func (s sortableRoutes) Swap(i, j int) { s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i] } // newRoute returns a fully valid route between the source and target that's // capable of supporting a payment of `amtToSend` after fees are fully // computed. If the route is too long, or the selected path cannot support the // fully payment including fees, then a non-nil error is returned. // // NOTE: The passed slice of ChannelHops MUST be sorted in forward order: from // the source to the target node of the path finding attempt. func newRoute(amtToSend btcutil.Amount, pathEdges []*ChannelHop) (*Route, error) { route := &Route{ Hops: make([]*Hop, len(pathEdges)), } // TODO(roasbeef): need to do sanity check to ensure we don't make a // "dust" payment: over x% of money sending to fees // The running amount is the total amount of satoshis required at this // point in the route. We start this value at the amount we want to // send to the destination. This value will then get successively // larger as we compute the fees going backwards. runningAmt := amtToSend pathLength := len(pathEdges) for i := pathLength - 1; i >= 0; i-- { edge := pathEdges[i] // Now we create the hop struct for this point in the route. // The amount to forward is the running amount, and we compute // the required fee based on this amount. nextHop := &Hop{ Channel: edge, AmtToForward: runningAmt, Fee: computeFee(runningAmt, edge), } edge.Node.PubKey.Curve = nil // As a sanity check, we ensure that the selected channel has // enough capacity to forward the required amount which // includes the fee dictated at each hop. if nextHop.AmtToForward > nextHop.Channel.Capacity { return nil, newErrf(ErrInsufficientCapacity, "channel graph has "+ "insufficient capacity for the payment") } // We don't pay any fees to ourselves on the first-hop channel, // so we don't tally up the running fee and amount. if i != len(pathEdges)-1 { // For a node to forward an HTLC, then following // inequality most hold true: amt_in - fee >= // amt_to_forward. Therefore we add the fee this node // consumes in order to calculate the amount that it // show be forwarded by the prior node which is the // next hop in our loop. runningAmt += nextHop.Fee // Next we tally the total fees (thus far) in the // route, and also accumulate the total timelock in the // route by adding the node's time lock delta which is // the amount of blocks it'll subtract from the // incoming time lock. route.TotalFees += nextHop.Fee } else { nextHop.Fee = 0 } // Next, increment the total timelock of the entire route such // that each hops time lock increases as we walk backwards in // the route, using the delta of the previous hop. route.TotalTimeLock += uint32(edge.TimeLockDelta) // If this is the last hop, then for verification purposes, the // value of the outgoing time-lock should be _exactly_ the time // lock delta specified within the routing information. if i == len(pathEdges)-1 { nextHop.OutgoingTimeLock = uint32(edge.TimeLockDelta) } else { // Otherwise, the value of the outgoing time-lock will // be the value of the time-lock for the _outgoing_ // HTLC. nextHop.OutgoingTimeLock = route.TotalTimeLock - uint32(edge.TimeLockDelta) } route.Hops[i] = nextHop } // The total amount required for this route will be the value the // source extends to the first hop in the route. route.TotalAmount = runningAmt return route, nil } // vertex is a simple alias for the serialization of a compressed Bitcoin // public key. type vertex [33]byte // newVertex returns a new vertex given a public key. func newVertex(pub *btcec.PublicKey) vertex { var v vertex copy(v[:], pub.SerializeCompressed()) return v } // edgeWithPrev is a helper struct used in path finding that couples an // directional edge with the node's ID in the opposite direction. type edgeWithPrev struct { edge *ChannelHop prevNode *btcec.PublicKey } // edgeWeight computes the weight of an edge. This value is used when searching // for the shortest path within the channel graph between two nodes. Currently // this is just 1 + the cltv delta value required at this hop, this value // should be tuned with experimental and empirical data. // // TODO(roasbeef): compute robust weight metric func edgeWeight(e *channeldb.ChannelEdgePolicy) float64 { return float64(1 + e.TimeLockDelta) } // findPath attempts to find a path from the source node within the // ChannelGraph to the target node that's capable of supporting a payment of // `amt` value. The current approach implemented is modified version of // Dijkstra's algorithm to find a single shortest path between the source node // and the destination. The distance metric used for edges is related to the // time-lock+fee costs along a particular edge. If a path is found, this // function returns a slice of ChannelHop structs which encoded the chosen path // from the target to the source. func findPath(graph *channeldb.ChannelGraph, sourceNode *channeldb.LightningNode, target *btcec.PublicKey, ignoredNodes map[vertex]struct{}, ignoredEdges map[uint64]struct{}, amt btcutil.Amount) ([]*ChannelHop, error) { // First we'll initialize an empty heap which'll help us to quickly // locate the next edge we should visit next during our graph // traversal. var nodeHeap distanceHeap // For each node/vertex the graph we create an entry in the distance // map for the node set with a distance of "infinity". We also mark // add the node to our set of unvisited nodes. distance := make(map[vertex]nodeWithDist) if err := graph.ForEachNode(nil, func(_ *bolt.Tx, node *channeldb.LightningNode) error { // TODO(roasbeef): with larger graph can just use disk seeks // with a visited map distance[newVertex(node.PubKey)] = nodeWithDist{ dist: infinity, node: node, } return nil }); err != nil { return nil, err } // To start, we add the source of our path finding attempt to the // distance map with with a distance of 0. This indicates our starting // point in the graph traversal. sourceVertex := newVertex(sourceNode.PubKey) distance[sourceVertex] = nodeWithDist{ dist: 0, node: sourceNode, } // To start, our source node will the sole item within our distance // heap. heap.Push(&nodeHeap, distance[sourceVertex]) // We'll use this map as a series of "previous" hop pointers. So to get // to `vertex` we'll take the edge that it's mapped to within `prev`. prev := make(map[vertex]edgeWithPrev) for nodeHeap.Len() != 0 { // Fetch the node within the smallest distance from our source // from the heap. partialPath := heap.Pop(&nodeHeap).(nodeWithDist) bestNode := partialPath.node // If we've reached our target (or we don't have any outgoing // edges), then we're done here and can exit the graph // traversal early. if bestNode.PubKey.IsEqual(target) { break } // Now that we've found the next potential step to take we'll // examine all the outgoing edge (channels) from this node to // further our graph traversal. pivot := newVertex(bestNode.PubKey) err := bestNode.ForEachChannel(nil, func(tx *bolt.Tx, edgeInfo *channeldb.ChannelEdgeInfo, edge *channeldb.ChannelEdgePolicy) error { v := newVertex(edge.Node.PubKey) // If this vertex or edge has been black listed, then // we'll skip exploring this edge during this // iteration. if _, ok := ignoredNodes[v]; ok { return nil } if _, ok := ignoredEdges[edge.ChannelID]; ok { return nil } // Compute the tentative distance to this new // channel/edge which is the distance to our current // pivot node plus the weight of this edge. tempDist := distance[pivot].dist + edgeWeight(edge) // If this new tentative distance is better than the // current best known distance to this node, then we // record the new better distance, and also populate // our "next hop" map with this edge. We'll also shave // off irrelevant edges by adding the sufficient // capacity of an edge to our relaxation condition. if tempDist < distance[v].dist && edgeInfo.Capacity >= amt { // TODO(roasbeef): need to also account // for min HTLC distance[v] = nodeWithDist{ dist: tempDist, node: edge.Node, } prev[v] = edgeWithPrev{ edge: &ChannelHop{ ChannelEdgePolicy: edge, Capacity: edgeInfo.Capacity, }, prevNode: bestNode.PubKey, } // Add this new node to our heap as we'd like // to further explore down this edge. heap.Push(&nodeHeap, distance[v]) } return nil }) if err != nil { return nil, err } } // If the target node isn't found in the prev hop map, then a path // doesn't exist, so we terminate in an error. if _, ok := prev[newVertex(target)]; !ok { return nil, newErrf(ErrNoPathFound, "unable to find a path to "+ "destination") } // If the potential route if below the max hop limit, then we'll use // the prevHop map to unravel the path. We end up with a list of edges // in the reverse direction which we'll use to properly calculate the // timelock and fee values. pathEdges := make([]*ChannelHop, 0, len(prev)) prevNode := newVertex(target) for prevNode != sourceVertex { // TODO(roasbeef): assumes no cycles // Add the current hop to the limit of path edges then walk // backwards from this hop via the prev pointer for this hop // within the prevHop map. pathEdges = append(pathEdges, prev[prevNode].edge) prev[prevNode].edge.Node.PubKey.Curve = nil prevNode = newVertex(prev[prevNode].prevNode) } // The route is invalid if it spans more than 20 hops. The current // Sphinx (onion routing) implementation can only encode up to 20 hops // as the entire packet is fixed size. If this route is more than 20 // hops, then it's invalid. numEdges := len(pathEdges) if numEdges > HopLimit { return nil, newErr(ErrMaxHopsExceeded, "potential path has "+ "too many hops") } // As our traversal of the prev map above walked backwards from the // target to the source in the route, we need to reverse it before // returning the final route. for i := 0; i < numEdges/2; i++ { pathEdges[i], pathEdges[numEdges-i-1] = pathEdges[numEdges-i-1], pathEdges[i] } return pathEdges, nil } // findPaths implements a k-shortest paths algorithm to find all the reachable // paths between the passed source and target. The algorithm will continue to // traverse the graph until all possible candidate paths have been depleted. // This function implements a modified version of Yen's. To find each path // itself, we utilize our modified version of Dijkstra's found above. When // examining possible spur and root paths, rather than removing edges or // vertexes from the graph, we instead utilize a vertex+edge black-list that // will be ignored by our modified Dijkstra's algorithm. With this approach, we // make our inner path finding algorithm aware of our k-shortest paths // algorithm, rather than attempting to use an unmodified path finding // algorithm in a block box manner. func findPaths(graph *channeldb.ChannelGraph, source *channeldb.LightningNode, target *btcec.PublicKey, amt btcutil.Amount) ([][]*ChannelHop, error) { ignoredEdges := make(map[uint64]struct{}) ignoredVertexes := make(map[vertex]struct{}) // TODO(roasbeef): modifying ordering within heap to eliminate final // sorting step? var ( shortestPaths [][]*ChannelHop candidatePaths pathHeap ) // First we'll find a single shortest path from the source (our // selfNode) to the target destination that's capable of carrying amt // satoshis along the path before fees are calculated. startingPath, err := findPath(graph, source, target, ignoredVertexes, ignoredEdges, amt) if err != nil { log.Errorf("Unable to find path: %v", err) return nil, err } // Manually insert a "self" edge emanating from ourselves. This // self-edge is required in order for the path finding algorithm to // function properly. firstPath := make([]*ChannelHop, 0, len(startingPath)+1) firstPath = append(firstPath, &ChannelHop{ ChannelEdgePolicy: &channeldb.ChannelEdgePolicy{ Node: source, }, }) firstPath = append(firstPath, startingPath...) shortestPaths = append(shortestPaths, firstPath) source.PubKey.Curve = nil // While we still have candidate paths to explore we'll keep exploring // the sub-graphs created to find the next k-th shortest path. for k := 1; k == 1 || candidatePaths.Len() != 0; k++ { prevShortest := shortestPaths[k-1] // We'll examine each edge in the previous iteration's shortest // path in order to find path deviations from each node in the // path. for i := 0; i < len(prevShortest)-1; i++ { // These two maps will mark the edges and vertexes // we'll exclude from the next path finding attempt. // These are required to ensure the paths are unique // and loopless. ignoredEdges = make(map[uint64]struct{}) ignoredVertexes = make(map[vertex]struct{}) // Our spur node is the i-th node in the prior shortest // path, and our root path will be all nodes in the // path leading up to our spurNode. spurNode := prevShortest[i].Node rootPath := prevShortest[:i+1] // Before we kickoff our next path finding iteration, // we'll find all the edges we need to ignore in this // next round. for _, path := range shortestPaths { // If our current rootPath is a prefix of this // shortest path, then we'll remove the edge // directly _after_ our spur node from the // graph so we don't repeat paths. if len(path) > i+1 && isSamePath(rootPath, path[:i+1]) { ignoredEdges[path[i+1].ChannelID] = struct{}{} } } // Next we'll remove all entries in the root path that // aren't the current spur node from the graph. for _, hop := range rootPath { node := hop.Node.PubKey if node.IsEqual(spurNode.PubKey) { continue } ignoredVertexes[newVertex(node)] = struct{}{} } // With the edges that are part of our root path, and // the vertexes (other than the spur path) within the // root path removed, we'll attempt to find another // shortest path from the spur node to the destination. spurPath, err := findPath(graph, spurNode, target, ignoredVertexes, ignoredEdges, amt) // If we weren't able to find a path, we'll continue to // the next round. if IsError(err, ErrNoPathFound) { continue } else if err != nil { return nil, err } // Create the new combined path by concatenating the // rootPath to the spurPath. newPathLen := len(rootPath) + len(spurPath) newPath := path{ hops: make([]*ChannelHop, 0, newPathLen), dist: newPathLen, } newPath.hops = append(newPath.hops, rootPath...) newPath.hops = append(newPath.hops, spurPath...) // We'll now add this newPath to the heap of candidate // shortest paths. heap.Push(&candidatePaths, newPath) } // If our min-heap of candidate paths is empty, then we can // exit early. if candidatePaths.Len() == 0 { break } // To conclude this latest iteration, we'll take the shortest // path in our set of candidate paths and add it to our // shortestPaths list as the *next* shortest path. nextShortestPath := heap.Pop(&candidatePaths).(path).hops shortestPaths = append(shortestPaths, nextShortestPath) } return shortestPaths, nil }