As part of [the `lnd` 0.3-alpha release](https://github.com/lightningnetwork/lnd/releases/tag/v0.3-alpha), we have addressed [issue 20](https://github.com/lightningnetwork/lnd/issues/20), which is RPC authentication. Until this was implemented, all RPC calls to `lnd` were unauthenticated. To fix this, we've utilized [macaroons](https://research.google.com/pubs/pub41892.html), which are similar to cookies but more capable. This brief overview explains, at a basic level, how they work, how we use them for `lnd` authentication, and our future plans. ## What are macaroons? You can think of a macaroon as a cookie, in a way. Cookies are small bits of data that your browser stores and sends to a particular website when it makes a request to that website. If you're logged into a website, that cookie can store a session ID, which the site can look up in its own database to check who you are and give you the appropriate content. A macaroon is similar: it's a small bit of data that a client (like `lncli`) can send to a service (like `lnd`) to assert that it's allowed to perform an action. The service looks up the macaroon ID and verifies that the macaroon was initially signed with the service's root key. However, unlike a cookie, you can *delegate* a macaroon, or create a version of it that has more limited capabilities, and then send it to someone else to use. Just like a cookie, a macaroon should be sent over a secure channel (such as a TLS-encrypted connection), which is why we've also begun enforcing TLS for RPC requests in this release. Before SSL was enforced on websites such as Facebook and Google, listening to HTTP sessions on wireless networks was one way to hijack the session and log in as that user, gaining access to the user's account. Macaroons are similar in that intercepting a macaroon in transit allows the interceptor to use the macaroon to gain all the privileges of the legitimate user. ## Macaroon delegation A macaroon is delegated by adding restrictions (called caveats) and an authentication code similar to a signature (technically an HMAC) to it. The technical method of doing this is outside the scope of this overview documentation, but the [README in the macaroons package](../macaroons/README.md) or the macaroon paper linked above describe it in more detail. The user must remember several things: * Sharing a macaroon allows anyone in possession of that macaroon to use it to access the service (in our case, `lnd`) to do anything permitted by the macaroon. There is a specific type of restriction, called a "third party caveat," that requires an external service to verify the request; however, `lnd` doesn't currently implement those. * If you add a caveat to a macaroon and share the resulting macaroon, the person receiving it cannot remove the caveat. This is used in `lnd` in an interesting way. By default, when `lnd` starts, it creates three files which contain macaroons: a file called `admin.macaroon`, which contains a macaroon with no caveats, a file called `readonly.macaroon`, which is the *same* macaroon but with an additional caveat, that permits only methods that don't change the state of `lnd`, and `invoice.macaroon`, which only has access to invoice related methods. ## How macaroons are used by `lnd` and `lncli`. On startup, `lnd` checks to see if the `admin.macaroon`, `readonly.macaroon` and `invoice.macaroon` files exist. If they don't exist, `lnd` updates its database with a new macaroon ID, generates the three files `admin.macaroon`, `readonly.macaroon` and `invoice.macaroon`, all with the same ID. The `readonly.macaroon` file has an additional caveat which restricts the caller to using only read-only methods and the `invoice.macaroon` also has an additional caveat which restricts the caller to using only invoice related methods. This means a few important things: * You can delete the `admin.macaroon` and be left with only the `readonly.macaroon`, which can sometimes be useful (for example, if you want your `lnd` instance to run in autopilot mode and don't want to accidentally change its state). * If you delete the data directory which contains the `macaroons.db` file, this invalidates the `admin.macaroon`, `readonly.macaroon` and `invoice.macaroon` files. Invalid macaroon files give you errors like `cannot get macaroon: root key with id 0 doesn't exist` or `verification failed: signature mismatch after caveat verification`. You can also run `lnd` with the `--no-macaroons` option, which skips the creation of the macaroon files and all macaroon checks within the RPC server. This means you can still pass a macaroon to the RPC server with a client, but it won't be checked for validity. Note that disabling authentication of a server that's listening on a public interface is not allowed. This means the `--no-macaroons` option is only permitted when the RPC server is in a private network. In CIDR notation, the following IPs are considered private, - [`169.254.0.0/16` and `fe80::/10`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link-local_address). - [`224.0.0.0/4` and `ff00::/8`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicast_address). - [`10.0.0.0/8`, `172.16.0.0/12` and `192.168.0.0/16`](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1918). - [`fc00::/7`](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4193). Since `lnd` requires macaroons by default in order to call RPC methods, `lncli` now reads a macaroon and provides it in the RPC call. Unless the path is changed by the `--macaroonpath` option, `lncli` tries to read the macaroon from the network directory of `lnd`'s currently active network (e.g. for simnet `lnddir/data/chain/bitcoin/simnet/admin.macaroon`) by default and will error if that file doesn't exist unless provided the `--no-macaroons` option. Keep this in mind when running `lnd` with `--no-macaroons`, as `lncli` will error out unless called the same way **or** `lnd` has generated a macaroon on a previous run without this option. `lncli` also adds a caveat which makes it valid for only 60 seconds by default to help prevent replay in case the macaroon is somehow intercepted in transmission. This is unlikely with TLS, but can happen e.g. when using a PKI and network setup which allows inspection of encrypted traffic, and an attacker gets access to the traffic logs after interception. The default 60 second timeout can be changed with the `--macaroontimeout` option; this can be increased for making RPC calls between systems whose clocks are more than 60s apart. ## Stateless initialization As mentioned above, by default `lnd` creates several macaroon files in its directory. These are unencrypted and in case of the `admin.macaroon` provide full access to the daemon. This can be seen as quite a big security risk if the `lnd` daemon runs in an environment that is not fully trusted. The macaroon files are the only files with highly sensitive information that are not encrypted (unlike the wallet file and the macaroon database file that contains the [root key](../macaroons/README.md), these are always encrypted, even if no password is used). To avoid leaking the macaroon information, `lnd` supports the so called `stateless initialization` mode: * The three startup commands `create`, `unlock` and `changepassword` of `lncli` all have a flag called `--stateless_init` that instructs the daemon **not** to create `*.macaroon` files. * The two operations `create` and `changepassword` that actually create/update the macaroon database will return the admin macaroon in the RPC call. Assuming the daemon and the `lncli` are not used on the same machine, this will leave no unencrypted information on the machine where `lnd` runs on. * To be more precise: By default, when using the `changepassword` command, the macaroon root key in the macaroon DB is just re-encrypted with the new password. But the key remains the same and therefore the macaroons issued before the `changepassword` command still remain valid. If a user wants to invalidate all previously created macaroons, the `--new_mac_root_key` flag of the `changepassword` command should be used! * An user of `lncli` will see the returned admin macaroon printed to the screen or saved to a file if the parameter `--save_to=some_file.macaroon` is used. * **Important:** By default, `lnd` will create the macaroon files during the `unlock` phase, if the `--stateless_init` flag is not used. So to avoid leakage of the macaroon information, use the stateless initialization flag for all three startup commands of the wallet unlocker service! Examples: * Create a new wallet stateless (first run): ```shell ⛰ lncli create --stateless_init --save_to=/safe/location/admin.macaroon ``` * Unlock a wallet that has previously been initialized stateless: ```shell ⛰ lncli unlock --stateless_init ``` * Use the created macaroon: ```shell ⛰ lncli --macaroonpath=/safe/location/admin.macaroon getinfo ``` ## Using Macaroons with GRPC clients When interacting with `lnd` using the GRPC interface, the macaroons are encoded as a hex string over the wire and can be passed to `lnd` by specifying the hex-encoded macaroon as GRPC metadata: ```text GET https://localhost:8080/v1/getinfo Grpc-Metadata-macaroon: ``` Where `` is the hex encoded binary data from the macaroon file itself. A very simple example using `curl` may look something like this: ```shell ⛰ curl --insecure --header "Grpc-Metadata-macaroon: $(xxd -ps -u -c 1000 $HOME/.lnd/data/chain/bitcoin/simnet/admin.macaroon)" https://localhost:8080/v1/getinfo ``` Have a look at the [Java GRPC example](/docs/grpc/java.md) for programmatic usage details. ## Creating macaroons with custom permissions The macaroon bakery is described in more detail in the [README in the macaroons package](../macaroons/README.md). ## Future improvements to the `lnd` macaroon implementation The existing macaroon implementation in `lnd` and `lncli` lays the groundwork for future improvements in functionality and security. We will add features such as: * Improved replay protection for securing RPC calls * Macaroon database encryption * Root key rotation and possibly macaroon invalidation/rotation * Additional restrictions, such as limiting payments to use (or not use) specific routes, channels, nodes, etc. * Accounting-based macaroons, which can make an instance of `lnd` act almost like a bank for apps: for example, an app that pays to consume APIs whose budget is limited to the money it receives by providing an API/service * Support for third-party caveats, which allows external plugins for authorization and authentication With this new feature, we've started laying the groundwork for flexible authentication and authorization for RPC calls to `lnd`. We look forward to expanding its functionality to make it easy to develop secure apps.